<p>Chamcook Lake is a lake of Saint Andrews Parish, New Brunswick, Canada. It is located just north of the Passamaquoddy Bay which is part of the Bay of Fundy, near the border with Maine, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Chamcook comes from the Passamaquoddy word K&#39;tchumcook which, according to William Francis Ganong, has many meanings but none are certain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Chamcook Lake is approximately 1.5 miles from Passamaquoddy Bay. A Canadian Pacific Railway freight service station has been located at Chamcook Lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is situated at 95 ft above sea level, and has a maximum depth of 200 ft. The Chamcook River which feeds the Chamcook Lake rises from the cone shaped hill range of Mt. Chamcook. The Chamkcook harbour, a wet dock, lies is to the eastern side of the peninsular where development took place. It contains Odell Island in the southeast and Big Rock in the north. Despite its name, the Odell Island is larger than Big Rock. Approximately 2.2 miles to the north beyond Big Rock is a sister lake named Little Chamcook Lake. The Chamcook Lake watershed serves as a potable water supply for the Atlantic Salmon Federation, the St. Andrews Biological Station, the Champlain Industrial Park, and the town of St. Andrews.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s red rock is feldspathic, of a brownish-red colour that weathers to brick-red, imperfectly syenitic, and showing some indications of an eruptive origin. A set of very fine petro-siliceous rocks, which are almost black, but have a perceptible purplish tinge are situated on the western shore.</p><br>
<p>The steep and solitary Chamcook Mountain overlooks the lake. The mountain has a glacial rounded top scored with long scratches which indicate that a glacier from the northern highlands had grated its way across the mountain. The Chamcook Lake and the Chamcook mountain are both located in the Silurian belt of huge sandstones which has fossiliferous and volcanic formations in different sections.</p><br>
<p>After an advisory warning was issued in September 2010 for bloom of blue green algae, no detectable toxins were found in the town’s drinking water supply, which comes from the lake, though officials continued to monitor the water supply.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Chamcook Lake contains populations of Vitrea and in the 1930s a new species of Holopedium water flea (family Holopediidae) was discovered in the area. Lymnaea is found mainly along the lakes margin, composed chiefly of Isoetes echinospora; Sagittaria montevidensis; Potamogeton gramineus; Potamogeton spirillus; and the aquatic form of Hypericum boreale. Ground Cedar is found on the lakes dry bank and Isoetes echinospora is frequent along the lake&#39;s south margin.</p><br>
<p>The mushroom Boletus luridus Schaef. vermiculosus Pk has been found nearby. Of the Halophytes, Sagittaria latifolia, Sagittaria cuneata, Alopecurus aequalis, Glyceria borealis, Eleocharis acicularis, Acorus calamus, and Juncus pelocarpus are noted along the lake margins.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, 200,000 salmon and salmon trout fry (young trout) were deposited in the lake. Fish species reported from the lake included sockeye salmon, steelhead trout and brown trout. During certain times of the year, it is said to contain heavy populations of sebago salmon. Studies conducted into the methylmercury concentration of eels from Chamcook Lake in the early 1970s indicated elevated levels of mercury in the lake&#39;s ecosystem, although brook trout from the lake revealed only 0.03 ppm.</p><br>
<p>Forggensee is a lake located north of Füssen in the district of Ostallgäu in Bavaria, Germany. One of many lakes in the region around Hohenschwangau and Neuschwanstein castles, Forggensee is the fifth-largest lake in Bavaria, with a surface area of 15.2 km². The River Lech flows through it. Forggensee is known primarily as a tourist destination for aquatic sports and recreation. The lake provides ideal conditions for surfing, sailing, fishing and boating. The lake is stocked with pike, trout and eel. Two ships navigate the lake on two different routes.</p><br>
<p>Forggensee is a man-made lake. It was created in 1954, when the River Lech was dammed for the first time to create the Lechsee Lake. The option of letting water in and out reduces the risk of flooding when the snow melts in the spring and regulates the flow of water over the "Power Plant Step" located downstream.</p><br>
<p>Hindens rev is a long, narrow, straight peninsula that projects westwards from Kålland into Dalbosjön, the western part of lake Vänern. Hindens rev is a terminal moraine and is part of what is known as the central Swedish terminal moraine zone. The latter is in turn part of a series of terminal moraines that runs from southern Norway through Dalsland, Skaraborg and Östergötland, continuing under the Baltic Sea into southern Finland and Russia as the Salpausselkä moraine which separates lakes Ladoga and Saimaa. These moraines were formed during the Younger Dryas period, about 11,000 years ago, when the ice cap from the last ice age temporarily ceased withdrawing and rocks and other glacial materials emerged from the melting ice were deposited in front of the glacier terminus.</p><br>
<p>The narrow peninsula is about five kilometers long and never wider than 100 meters, usual significantly narrower. Its highest eleveation over the level of lake Vänern is 21 meters. Hindens rev is highest by the mainland, and lowers gradually until it submerges after five kilometers. The formation continues under water as a series of reefs. At high tide its extreme point becomes five small island called Killingarna ("the Kids"). The moraine reappears twelve kilometers away on the western shore of Vänern, where it is known as Hjortens udde.</p><br>
<p>In addition to pines, rowans, birches and aspens grow on Hindens rev. Several protected plant species also grow there. Hindens rev is a nature reserve classed as riksintresse for nature conservation and outdoors activities. Hindens rev is a popular destination for picnikers and tourists, offering hiking, fishing and birding opportunities in summer and tour skating in winter.</p><br>
<p>The St. Francis Xavier Cathedral  is a Roman Catholic church in Vincennes, Indiana. The basilica is named for Francis Xavier, a 16th-century Jesuit apostle, and is located opposite George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, at 205 Church Street. Jesuit missionaries established St. Francis Xavier parish around 1734, making it the oldest Catholic parish in Indiana. Its earliest parish records date from 1749. The present Greek Revival-style basilica, built on or near the site of two earlier Catholic churches, dates from 1826. St. Francis Xavier has ties to six Roman Catholic dioceses in North America: the Diocese of Quebec, Canada, the Diocese of Baltimore, Maryland, the Diocese of Bardstown, Kentucky, the Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana, the Diocese of Indianapolis, Indiana, and the Diocese of Evansville, Indiana. In 1834, when Pope Gregory XVI erected the Diocese of Vincennes, St. Francis Xavier was elevated to a cathedral and served as the seat of the episcopal see from 1834 to 1898. The seat of the diocese was moved to Indianapolis in 1878, and in 1898 the episcopal see was renamed the Diocese of Indianapolis. On 14 March 1970 Pope Paul VI elevated St. Francis Xavier Cathedral to the status of Basilica , "an honor reserved for only the most historic churches."</p><br>
<p>Between 1834 and 1898 two of St. Francis Xaviers priests became bishops (Benedict Joseph Flaget, Bishop of Bardstown, and Célestine de la Hailandière, Bishop of Vincennes), and several served as vicars general or seminary rectors. Between 1837 and 1882 seventy-five priests were ordained at St. Francis Xavier, including Michael E. Shawe, the first priest ordained in Indiana. Bishop John Stephen Bazins episcopal consecration at St. Francis Xavier in 1847 was the first to be conducted in the state. The remains of the first four Bishops of Vincennes (Simon Bruté de Rémur, Célestine de la Hailandière, John Stephen Bazin, and Jacques Maurice de St. Palais) are buried in St. Francis Xavier&#39;s crypt. The basilica was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is located in the Vincennes Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of St. Francis Xavier parish is closely tied to development of the Catholic Church in Indiana. After St. Francis Xavier&#39;s establishment as an early Jesuit mission in the seventeenth century, it became the seat of the Diocese of Vincennes in the nineteenth century, and achieved its present-day status as a basilica in 1970; the parish is under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Diocese of Evansville.</p><br>
<h3>Jesuit mission (1732&ndash;1763)</h3><br>
<p>St. Francis Xavier, the oldest Catholic parish in Indiana, traces it origins from the early Jesuit missionaries, who visited the area on the Wabash River as early as 1732. Vincennes was named for a Canadian soldier, François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes, and the site became an important French trading post and military garrison in the Northwest Territory.</p><br>
<p>St. Francis Xaviers first resident priest was Father Sebastian Louis Meurin, S.J., who arrived in May 1748. Father Meruin, who transferred to Prairie du Rocher in 1753, was succeeded by Father Louis Vivier, S. J., whose first recorded act is a marriage on 20 May 1753. Father Vivier died at Vincennes in October 1756, The first record from the parishs next resident priest, Father Julian Duvernay, is dated 28 August 1756. During this early period of the parish&#39;s history the number of baptisms and marriages, half of which were Indians or slaves that belonged to the garrison commandant or the village inhabitants, small, but increasing. Following the Treaty of Paris (1763), when the Jesuits were banished from the area, Father Duvernay left Vincennes, but the Diocese of Quebec retained its ecclesiastical jurisdiction over St. Francis Xavier church.</p><br>
<h3>Parish church (1763&ndash;1834)</h3><br>
<p>Between 1763 and 1785 St. Francis Xavier parish did not have a resident priest. During the interim a notary public administered baptism as a layman, and recorded the names on the register. In 1770, after the inhabitants of Vincennes requested a priest for their parish, the Bishop of Quebec sent Father Pierre Gibault to visit Vincennes. Father Gibault, who returned to Vincennes during the American Revolutionary War, administered an oath of allegiance to its French inhabitants at St. Francis Xavier church in 1788. This oath to the Americans placed Vincennes under the Commonwealth of Virginia. On 25 February 1779 British General Henry Hamilton surrendered Fort Sackville to Colonel George Rogers Clark at St. Francis Xavier church. In 1785 Father Gibault returned to Vincennes to become the parish’s first resident priest in more than twenty years. He left Vincennes on 11 October 1789, and no resident priests replaced him until 1792.</p><br>
<p>On 6 November 1789, when Pope Pius VI erected the Diocese of Baltimore as the first Catholic diocese in the United States, St. Francis Xavier was placed under its ecclesiastical jurisdiction. John Carroll, the first Bishop of Baltimore, sent Father Benedict Joseph Flaget to Vincennes as the parish&#39;s permanent priest. Father Flaget arrived on 21 December 1792. He opened a parochial school at the church before he was recalled to Baltimore in 1795. Father Jean François (John Francis) Rivet, who was Father Flaget’s replacement at St. Francis Xavier, established a college, the predecessor to Vincennes University, and held classes in the church rectory. He died at Vincennes in 1804, once again leaving the parish without a resident priest.</p><br>
<p>In September 1808, when Father Flaget was appointed the first bishop of the Diocese of Bardstown, St. Francis Xavier was placed under the jurisdiction of the new diocese. In 1814 Bishop Flaget became the first Catholic bishop to visit Indiana. Visiting priests continued to serve St. Francis Xavier parish until Bishop Flaget appointed Fathers Blanc and Jeanjean as resident priests on 25 April 1818. Several other priests served the parish until 1823, when Father Leo Champomier was the appointed St. Francis Xavier&#39;s resident priest. In 1825, at the direction of Bishop Flaget, Father Champomier proposed construction of a new brick church that became the present-day St. Francis Xavier Basilica.</p><br>
<h3>Diocesan cathedral (1834&ndash;98)</h3><br>
<p>On 6 May 1834 Pope Gregory XVI issued a Papal Bull to erect the Diocese of Vincennes, the first Catholic diocese in Indiana. St. Frances Xavier became the cathedral church for the new diocese and served as the seat of the episcopal see under all five Bishops of Vincennes. Father Jacques Maurice de St. Palais, the fourth Bishop of Vincennes, was consecrated at St. Francis Xavier on 14 January 1849, and served until his death on 28 June 1877. In 1857, while St. Palais was Bishop of Vincennes, the northern half of Indiana was erected as the Diocese of Fort Wayne. Rev. Francis Silas Chatard, the fifth and final Bishop of Vincennes, was consecrated at St. Francis Xavier on 12 May 1878; however, he chose Indianapolis, the state capital of Indiana and the largest city in the diocese, as the new seat of the episcopal see. Between 1837 and 1882 seventy-five priests were ordained at St. Francis Xavier, including Michael E. Shawe, the first priest ordained in Indiana. In 1898 the episcopal see was moved to Indianapolis and it became the Diocese of Indianapolis. Bishop Chatard was its first bishop.</p><br>
<h3>Since 1898</h3><br>
<p>St. Francis Xavier remained under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Indianapolis from 1898 to 1944, when Pope Pius XII elevated the episcopal see to the Archdiocese of Indianapolis and established two new suffragan diocese in Indiana: the Diocese of Evansville and the Diocese of Lafayette. On 14 March 1970 Pope Paul VI raised the status of St. Francis Xavier Cathedral to a basilica.</p><br>
<h3>Cathedral design and construction</h3><br>
<p>The present Greek Revival-style basilica dates from 1826, making it the oldest Catholic church in Indiana. It was built on or near the site of two earlier churches. The first chapel, a crude structure measuring 22 feet by 66 feet, with log posts, mud daub, and a bark roof was erected circa 1734, around the time that Vincennes was founded. A second log church, which replaced the older structure, was dedicated on 3 December 1785. It measured 90 feet by 42 feet and had a small bell tower. The earlier church was renovated and converted to a rectory.</p><br>
<p>On 24 July 1825 Father Jean Leon Champomier held a parish meeting to consider his proposal to erect a new brick church, which became the present-day St. Francis Xavier Basilica. Its cornerstone of Tennessee marble was laid on 30 March 1826. A strong storm struck Vincennes on 6 November 1826, and destroyed two walls of the unfinished church, but the church was rebuilt. The first services were held in the new church during the summer of 1827, although the interior was not yet complete and had little decoration.</p><br>
<p>When Bishop Bruté, the first Bishop of Vincennes, arrived at Vincennes on 5 November 1834 the church was still unfinished. Bishop Hailandière, the second Bishop of Vincennes, continued work on the cathedral. In April 1840 the south end collapsed, but it was rebuilt. Bishop Hailandière consecrated the cathedral on 8 August 1841</p><br>
<p>Bede OConnor, O.S.B., vicar general to Bishop St. Palais, fourth Bishop of Vincennes, supervised the cathedrals interior decoration. Father Hugo Peythieu procured fourteen oil paintings from France for the Stations of the Cross.</p><br>
<h3>Cathedral library</h3><br>
<p>The small brick building that became known as Old Cathedral Library was erected adjacent to the church in 1840 to house Bishop Bruté&#39;s personal collection of more than 5,000 books and other documents. His collection became the nucleus for the cathedral’s library, the first library to be established in Indiana. In 1968 the Lilly Endowment provided grant funds to construct a new museum and library building to house the collection, which had grown to contain more than 11,000 rare books and volumes. Its oldest document, which is hand engraved on parchment, is an original papal document from Pope John XXII that dates from 1319.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The basilica is the main structure in a complex that also includes a Greek Revival-style rectory (1841), the old library (1840), a library/museum building (1968), and an adjacent cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior and plan</h3><br>
<p>The simple Greek Revival-style basilica is constructed of reddish orange brick laid in Flemish bond. Its plan is based on the St. Joseph Cathedral at Bardstown, Kentucky. St. Francis Xavier measured 115 feet by 60 feet; each side had five windows and its façade had a window over each of its three entrance doors. In 1834 Bishop Bruté described the unfinished church as a plain brick building without plaster or whitewash, with a simple wooden altar, a gilded tabernacle, a cross, and six candlesticks. After his arrival the roof was strengthened, the interior was plastered, and a sacristy was added. The sanctuary was later enlarged and its floor raised to allow excavation for a burial crypt. Bishop Hailandière also had a ciborium pulpit, a new high altar with saints relics, and side altars added to the cathedral. Other additions included stone steps across the front, an enlarged organ gallery, and installation of a new organ. More alterations were made in 1908 (new windows and brick buttresses added to the side walls) and in 1911 (the second-level windows were closed).</p><br>
<p>A bell tower designed by architect Jean Marie Marsile was added in the 1830s at a cost of $1,566. The steeple bell (ca. 1742) in the upper belfry originally hung in the parish&#39;s first church.</p><br>
<p>Statues of St. Joan of Arc, St. Francis Xavier, and St. Patrick stand in arched niches on the cathedral’s façade. A statue of Father Pierre Gibault in front of the cathedral honors his assistance to the Americans during the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Wilhelm Lamprecht (1838 &ndash;1922), who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, came to America to paint, and decorated churches in Newark, New Jersey, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Vincennes. Lamprecht painted three large murals for St. Francis Xavier in 1870: a Crucifixion scene above the high altar; a Madonna with the patron saints of the first four bishops of Vincennes (Saints Simon, Celestine, Stephen, and Maurice) above the Blessed Mother altar; and Saint Francis Xavier, the parish&#39;s patron saint, above the Saint Joseph altar.</p><br>
<p>The fourteen oil paintings installed in the sanctuary for the Stations of the Cross came from France, ca. 1883. Their frames were carved locally.</p><br>
<p>Von Gerichten Art Glass Company of Columbus, Ohio, created the stained glass windows depicting Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Large Doric columns support the basilica&#39;s arched ceiling. They are made of yellow poplar encased in plaster and painted to resemble marble.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>St. Frances Xavier parish is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Evansville.</p><br>
<p>As of March 2015 mass is celebrated on Sundays, 7 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. Saturdays, 5:15 p.m. Weekdays, Mon.&ndash;Thurs., 8 a.m., and Fri., 12 p.m. and Holy Days, 8 a.m. and 12 p.m.</p><br>
<p>The basilica’s library and museum are open Memorial Day through Labor Day, Mon.&ndash;Sat., 12:30&ndash;4 p.m., or by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Ordinaries</h2><br>
<p>Five bishops served the Diocese of Vincennes since St. Francis Xavier&#39;s consecration on 8 August 1841.</p><br>
<p>Simon Bruté de Rémur (Consecrated 28 October 1834&ndash;Died 26 June 1839)</p><br>
<p>Célestine de la Hailandière (Consecrated 18 August 1839&ndash;Resignation accepted 29 March 1847)</p><br>
<p>John Stephen Bazin (Consecrated 24 October 1847&ndash;Died 23 April 1848)</p><br>
<p>Jacques Maurice de St. Palais (Consecrated 14 January 1849&ndash;Died 28 June 1877); he also served as administrator of the diocese from Bishop Badin’s death on 23 April 1848 to 14 January 1849.</p><br>
<p>Francis Silas Chatard (Consecrated 12 May 1878&ndash;Died 7 September 1918); Bishop Chatard became the first Bishop of Indianapolis on 28 March 1898, after the episcopal see was moved to Indianapolis.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the first four Bishops of Vincennes are buried in St. Francis Xavier&#39;s crypt. Bishop Chatard was interred at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Indianapolis), but his remains were moved to Calvary Cemetery, Indianapolis, in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>St. Francis Xavier Cathedral Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>Countryside Lake is a manmade lake located in Lake County Illinois. The private lake is in the center of the Countryside neighborhood and is designated for use by the CLA  and their guests. Countryside Lake was created in 1926 by putting a dam at the end of a boggy stream. After the dam was created dredging equipment was brought to clear the surrounding area to expand the stream into a lake. Since Countryside Lake is manmade it is very shallow, at a maximum depth of 10 ft the lake is mostly recreational. The lake is around 120 acre so it is on the smaller side for a lake. Since the lake is so small, only boats with 15 horsepower or less are allowed on the lake, this is intended to keep the shoreline from deteriorating. Countryside Lake has one beach that has a lifeguard for most days of the summer months. At the beach there is a playground, horseshoes, and numerous docks for boats.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Countryside Lake was created by Samuel Insull in 1926. Since there was only a boggy stream when he started to make the lake, it was a difficult task. He began by damming the southeast end of the stream. Once the dam was built, the stream was transformed into a lake using dredging equipment to create the intended outline of the lake. Once Insull finished the lake, he built a hunting lodge on the lake that still stands today. The surrounding area of the lake is a neighborhood called Countryside. This neighborhood consists of Countryside Lake and Countryside Oaks.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Countryside Lake is home to many fish and has numerous birds that migrate through. Some of the fish that are in the lake are crappie, muskellunge, northern pike, walleye, largemouth bass, perch, bluegill, grass carp, sunfish, and catfish. Since the lake has all of these fish it is a common spot for fishing.</p><br>
<p>Aamiq or Aammiq II is an archaeological site southwest of Zahle in the Aammiq Wetland, Beqaa Valley, Lebanon.</p><br>
<p>It was first excavated by Jacques Cauvin in 1963, then again by M. Cavalier in 1964, 1965 by Lorraine Copeland and Peter Wescombe and Jacques Besançon & Francis Hours in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Two periods of inhabitation were found, the first period between 12000-10200 cal. BC was Natufian or perhaps preceramic neolithic where a skeleton was found covered with red ochre. Tools with agricultural purpose included mortars, grinders and stoneware basalt pestles. Other brown flint lithics recovered include a triangle, blades, scrapers and picks, tools suggested pre-natufian occupation. A late neolithic period was also detected at around 5000-4500 cal BC (Ubaid period) similar to late neolithic Byblos. Ceramics found included some Chalcolithic sherds and lithics included Canaanite blades, axes and adzes, a long, polished plano-convex flint hatchet; many large flakes and blades and sickle elements. A fragment of a stalked arrow is the only trace of occupation between the periods, Chalcolithic occupation followed the older occupation at the edge of the marsh at Mallaha.</p><br>
<p>The results of a pollen core from Aamiq was published in 2008 suggesting the area was used for grazing in the neolithic while the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains were being deforested. This is supported by Heavy Neolithic tools manufactured in specialized workshops such as Kamed el Loz I, Souwan and Wadi Msıl el Hadd and a special design of flint called an Orange slice found at sites like Majdel Anjar I, Dakwe I and IIHabarjer III, Qaraoun I and II, Kefraya, and Beıdar Chamou&#39;t.</p><br>
<p>Voio  is a municipality in the Kozani regional unit, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Siatista. It was named after the Voio mountains. The municipality has an area of 1007.629 km. Its population at the 2011 census was 18,386.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Voio was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Askio</p><br>
<p>Neapoli</p><br>
<p>Pentalofos</p><br>
<p>Siatista</p><br>
<p>Tsotyli</p><br>
<h2>Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Voio (Επαρχία Βοΐου) was one of the provinces of the Kozani Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Voio. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob Sears Library is the public library of Dennis, Massachusetts. It is located at 23 Center Street in East Dennis, in a building funded by a bequest from Jacob Sears, a longtime East Dennis resident. The Shingle style structure was built in 1895 to a design by the Boston firm of Rand & Taylor. The library building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jacob Sears Memorial Library is set on the south side of Center Street in the village of East Dennis, just north of Massachusetts Route 6A. It is a rectangular single-story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and a stone foundation. The ridge line of the roof is T shaped, with the section at the right end perpendicular to the street. This section extends to shelter the main entrance, flaring out form a portico supported by square posts and large brackets. Just to the right of the entrance is a turreted polygonal projection. Wall dormers line the front facade to the left of the entrance. The interior is divided into the primary library space at the western end, a large meeting space in the center, with backstage spaces at the far eastern end.</p><br>
<p>The first library services were provided in East Dennis by a private lending association founded in 1866. Jacob Sears, a lifelong resident of East Dennis, gave funding for the construction and endowment of this library building, which was completed in 1895 to a design by the Boston firm of Rand & Taylor. The meeting hall has been used for a wide variety of civic and social functions. The building underwent a major restoration in 2005-06.</p><br>
<p>Stithians Reservoir is a reservoir situated just under a mile to the west of the village of Stithians, Cornwall, England, UK.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Work on the dam began on 19 July 1962, however work stopped shortly after due to excavations which revealed the site was over a large area of soft kaolinised granite, which would require expensive foundations. A new design was drawn up for the dam, which was the current arched design. The dam was opened on 13 October 1967 by Sir John Carew Pole, whilst the Bishop of Truro, Dr Maurice Key blessed the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>By the opening in 1967 the valley behind the dam was completely flooded, 274 acres of farmland and three country houses would were now submerged. Two causeways were built to carry sections of roads that were flooded, one at the southern end and the other in the north western corner near the Golden Lion Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>The dam is 41.5 m high and 244m wide. It was built at a total cost of £1,125,000 (about £17 million today) (2009 estimate).</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>There is an Outdoor Activity Centre offering watersports facilities at Stithians Lake. Sailing, windsurfing, kayaking, SUP and canoeing activities available. Non sport activities include bird watching, fly fishing for trout & a campsite.</p><br>
<p>Wain&#39;s Hill is an univallate Iron Age hill fort situated approximately 1 mi south-west from the town of Clevedon in the North Somerset district of Somerset, England. The hillfort is defined by a steep, natural slope from the south and north with two ramparts to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>The West Washington Street Bridge is a historic concrete arch bridge in Muncie, Indiana, United States. It spans the White River, connecting Washington Street and Meeks Avenue. It was designed by Charles Armintrout, who was the Delaware County Engineer at the time. The bridge has four elliptical arch spans. The steel reinforcements of the arch rings extend deep into the bridge&#39;s piers and abutments, allowing the piers to be substantially thinner. This design was inspired by the works of Edwin Thacher.</p><br>
<p>Three plaques are embedded into the railing of the bridge. Two of the plaques include the names of the Delaware County Commissioners, the County Auditor, the original construction company, the restoration contractor, and the Delaware County Council.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1920s, the borders of Muncie had expanded. Development associated with Ball State Teachers College and Ball General Hospital created new suburban districts. The various areas of the city and its suburbs had previously been linked by streetcars, but this service was discontinued when automobiles became the main mode of transportation. With this, the West Washington Street Bridge became more important to the community as a route connecting the suburbs with downtown. Originally, a metal truss bridge spanned the White River; however, due to the increased traffic, it was considered unsafe. Plans and specifications for a new bridge were prepared by Charles Armintrout, and they were approved in 1927. At the time, the bridge was estimated to cost $95,000. After delays due to the state&#39;s approval process, construction began in 1929 and was completed in 1930, by Burk Construction Company, at a cost of $85,949.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The design of the West Washington Street Bridge was influenced by the work of Edwin Thacher.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The West Washington Street Bridge has historical significance because of its association with Muncies growth during the automobile age. The bridges engineering is also of significance because of its use of the period&#39;s engineering innovations. The periods of significance include 1925–1949 and 1950–1974. The West Washington Street Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The W. W. Shirk Building, also known as the Canopic Apartments, is located at 219 E. Jackson St. in Muncie, Indiana. The original building was designed for a combination of commercial and residential space. After completion of its 21st century remodeling, led by Flaherty and Collins, the building became solely residential.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Shirk Building was constructed in 1906, with some portions originally dating back to 1889. The apartment building was popular in the early 20th century, but fell into disrepair during the 1980s and 1990s, when the building went almost completely vacant.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>By 2005, the W. W. Shirk Building had been tagged by city building inspectors as potentially needing demolition, due to the deterioration over the years of little usage. The Indianapolis-based developing firm of Flaherty and Collins began a heavy remodeling of the building in 2008 and brought the W. W. Shirk to its current status in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The W. W. Shirk Building is a three-story apartment building in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. The brick and limestone construction of the building is similar to other flats and apartments built in Muncie during the same time period.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>In 2008, the developer Flaherty and Collins began renovating the building. The project was granted historic building tax credits, which helped the developers begin the renovation with a more manageable budget. The first floor of the building, which was originally designed for commercial use, was turned into residential apartments, while the upper level apartments were completely renovated and restored.</p><br>
<p>Flaherty and Collins&#39; project also included the renovation of nine historic homes in downtown Muncie, Indiana. The cost of the W. W. Shirk renovation alone came in at $3.1 million. The project altogether, including the nine historic homes, came in at $6 million.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The Canopic Apartments include 24 living units ranging from one to four bedroom apartments, as well as efficiency units. The modern apartments in this 19th-century building include all the modern living needs, ranging from a high-tech security system to computer and internet access, as well as classic design features, including 10-foot ceilings and hardwood floors.</p><br>
<p>Tell al-Fakhar  is a tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in Kirkuk Governorate, northeastern Iraq. Excavations were carried out at the site between 1967 and 1969 by the Directorate-General of Antiquities of Iraq. The site measures 200 by and is 4.5 m high. Excavations revealed two occupation phases that were dated to the Mitanni/Kassite and Neo-Assyrian periods, or mid-second and early-first millennia BCE. The mid-second millennium phase consisted of a large building, dubbed the "Green Palace", where an archive of circa 800 clay tablets was found.</p><br>
<h2>History of research</h2><br>
<p>The site was excavated by the Directorate-General of Antiquities of Iraq under the direction of Yasin Mahmoud al-Khalesi during one season in the winter of 1967–1968 lasting from 22 October to 27 January. The excavation was prompted by the fact that the site was threatened by the development of an irrigation project in the region and because illegal digging activities had been carried out there, after which children had found clay tablets on the surface of the mound. A second season was carried out in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>The site and its environment</h2><br>
<p>The mound measures 200 by and is 4.5 m high. It is located in an area where rainfed agriculture is possible and 2 km north of the site is a wadi that carries water during the winter. There are numerous other tells in the region that show evidence for occupation from prehistoric periods up to the Islamic era. The important and contemporary site of Yorgan Tepe, ancient Nuzi, is located 35 km northeast of Tell al-Fakhar.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation history</h2><br>
<p>The excavation revealed two main occupation phases, termed Stratum I and II. In the oldest phase, Stratum II, a large structure with at least 17 rooms was uncovered. The walls had been plastered up to six times and the plaster was covered with green paint, hence the building was dubbed the "Green Palace". Based on architectural details such as the presence of drains and toilets, and the size of the different rooms, the building was divided in a private and public wing. In the public wing was a large room with benches along the walls that has been interpreted as a "reception hall" where the ruler could receive his guests. In front of the building was a large terrace paved with mudbricks.</p><br>
<p>At least 34 skeletons were found in the palace. The majority were located in 2 rooms and were associated with arrowheads and pieces of armour, suggesting that they died a violent death while defending the palace. This is also indicated by the fact that several doorways in the palace had been blocked, and that the palace was destroyed by a conflagration, as indicated by the burned walls and thick ash deposits on the floors. An archive of circa 800 clay tablets was found in the Green Palace, many of them also bearing seal impressions. Because the tablets were found in all of the rooms of the palace, it has been suggested that the archive was scattered during the pillaging of the building. Other finds included pottery, gold and silver adornments, bronze armour scales, copper leaf-shaped spear and arrowheads, glazed and glass bottles and cylinder seals.</p><br>
<p>After the end of Stratum II, the site was abandoned for some time. The next occupation phase, Stratum I, was badly preserved. Parts of three different structures were excavated, but the walls were only preserved up to a height of three or four rows of mudbricks. In one building with rooms grouped around a courtyard, several kilns were found but their purpose is unclear. In the second building, two ovens were found while one room in the third contained a basin built of baked mudbricks. Except for pottery, no other finds were recorded from this occupation phase.</p><br>
<p>Strata II and I are dated to the Mitanni/Kassite and Neo-Assyrian periods, or mid-second and early first millennia BCE, respectively. The proposed ancient name of Tell al-Fakhar is Kuruhanni.</p><br>
<p>The Sands of Beirut were a series of archaeological sites located on the coastline south of Beirut in Lebanon.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sands were a complex of nearly 20 prehistoric sites that were destroyed due to building operations using the soft sandstone in constructing the city of Beirut and Beirut Airport. The transition into the neolithic is well documented with Khiamian sites also being represented in the Sands. Evidence of pre-Natufian Kebaran occupation was also found.</p><br>
<p>The materials recovered are now held by the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory part of the Saint Joseph University. It is one of the few sites showing signs of real village occupation in the late pleistocene. The first flints were found by J. Chester and further studies by J.W. Dawson were published in 1874. This was followed by extensive research by Father G. Zumoffen who published in 1893. Henri Fleisch also catalogued and recovered materials from the sites in the 1960s, the destruction of the Sands of Beirut was recently exhibited through Father Fleisch&#39;s photography in June 2010 at the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory.</p><br>
<p>Sands of Beirut archaeological sites included:</p><br>
<h2>Bir Hassan</h2><br>
<p>This site was located at the top of the Bir Hassan dune at approximately fifty five meters above sea level extending down the slopes towards Ouza&#39;i. Thousands of flint tools were collected from the site from various periods. It was first published as Lower Paleolithic and Middle Paleolithic by Auguste Bergy in 1932 and as Middle and Upper Paleolithic by Henri Fleisch in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Borj Barajne</h2><br>
<p>Also called Tell aux Crochets, Tell Mouterde or Cote 52, it is now built over by a refugee village. Finds from this site were recovered by Jesuits and included flint arrowheads and geometric Mesolithic tools. It was first discovered by Father René Mouterde and material was published by Godefroy Zumoffen in 1910, Auguste Bergy in 1932 and Henri Fleisch in 1956 and 1965. Microliths were found along with trapezoid and crescent arrowheads of the Natufian variety with tangs and notches along with Helwan points. Also found were a Ksar Akil flake, Emireh points and traces of a Neolithic settlement. A Ksar Akil flake (pictured) was found here.</p><br>
<h2>Khan Khalde</h2><br>
<p>There are two sites at Khan Khalde, 10 km south of Beirut around the Khalde station. Site 1 or 3.A. is located west of the station buildings and contained mostly Middle Paleolithic material with traces of Mesolithic and Neolithic along with one Emireh point. Site 2 or 3.B. is a section in the railway cutting where material studies by Fathers Fleisch and Ramonnay determined to be largely Levalloiso-Mousterian with some Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic traces. They were found by Auguste Bergy, published by Henri Fleisch in 1965 and kept in the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory.</p><br>
<h2>Mar Elias (or St. Elie) and Mar Elias el Tiffeh</h2><br>
<p>These sites were discovered by either Paul Bovier-Lapierre or Chester. One is 400 m northwest of the monastery of St. Elie, now in the UNESCO building complex, another is in the area of Rue Ittifek and another was in the extension south of the monastery. Material was mentioned by Fleisch in 1965, who considered it Levalloiso-Mousterian with a few pieces from the Neolithic.</p><br>
<h2>Nahr Ghedir</h2><br>
<p>This site is on the right bank at the old mouth of the Nahr Ghedir. Material including an Emireh point, large quantities of Middle Paleolithic tools, a few Upper Paleolithic and a trace of Neolithic were discussed by Fleisch in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Ouzai (Neba el Auzai)</h2><br>
<p>This site is 5 km south of Beirut also on the east of the road to Sidon and is around 600 m by 250 m in the dunes at the start of the Khalde Boulevard, east of the mosque. It was mentioned by Godefroy Zumoffen in 1900 and Henri Fleisch in 1956. Material from the site was considered largely similar to that of the Néolithique Récent of Byblos by Jacques Cauvin including long, narrow adzes, chisels, segmented sickle blades with fine denticulation, borers and a transverse arrowhead found by Auguste Bergy about 750 m east of the minaret.</p><br>
<h2>Site 6</h2><br>
<p>This site is north of Shell petrol station, 8 km south of Beirut near the Airport terminal. Some flints similar to the Neolithique Moyen period of Byblos were found at this site alongside Palaeolithic material.</p><br>
<h2>Site 7</h2><br>
<p>A semi-circular site northeast of the Shell petrol station continuing to a point underneath Airport Boulevard. It was discovered by August Bergy and Henri Fleisch with collections made by P.E. Gigues of a non-geometric Mesolithic industry along with numerous core scrapers and two Emireh points. The site has now been destroyed but material is stored in the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory.</p><br>
<h2>Site 8</h2><br>
<p>Another Mesolithic site located a few meters north of Site 7 with tools from a similar industry but with no Neolithic material.</p><br>
<h2>Site 10</h2><br>
<p>Mdaoura or Tell aux Haches, 7 km south of Beirut on the east of the road to Sidon, inland from the coast near Mdaoura. A small site containing two Emireh points, a Natufian arrowhead and a number of axes from various periods including the Neolithic.</p><br>
<h2>Site 11</h2><br>
<p>Also known as Haret Hraik and located about 40 m east of Ouza&#39;i at around 40 m above sea level, this site contained only Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic material. It disappeared underneath a refugee camp in 1950.</p><br>
<h2>Site 12</h2><br>
<p>This site is east of the Zone Militaire on the top of a dune above a wood to the west of the first circle of Airport Boulevard, near Bir Hassan. Middle and Upper Paleolithic forms were found with traces of Neolithic material. The site disappeared in 1954.</p><br>
<h2>The Stone Circles</h2><br>
<p>A site where stone circle structures were found by Lorraine Copeland and Peter Wescombe. They were located at the east end of the runway of Beirut Airport covering a site of approximately 500 m&sup2;. Preliminary excavations were carried out by M.R. Saidah in 1964. The site contained two areas, one of red sand where human burials were discovered and another of modern sand where six stone circles were observed in 1964 around 20 m to 40 m from the runway, these were bulldozed in 1965 to make a golf course, leaving only one standing. The circles were composed of large river boulders, varying in diameters between 8 m and 15 m. A nearby ramleh outcrop contains a large, square empty cistern or well cut into the sandstone. Flints including Levallois cores, flakes and waste were dispersed across the whole area but gave little evidence regarding the age of the stone circles.</p><br>
<h2>Tell Arslan</h2><br>
<p>Tell Arslan was a more substantial archaeological site in the Sands of Beirut than the open air surface stations, with a full tell mound covering 1 hectare situated 8.5 km south of Beirut and about 800 m east of the beach. It was first excavated by Father Auguste Bergy in 1930. It represents the earliest known neolithic village settlement in the Beirut area. Henri Fleisch also recovered more material during a rescue mission in 1948 when the site was levelled due to construction of Beirut airport. All this material is now in the Saint Joseph University, Museum of Lebanese Prehistory. The site shows evidence of also having been occupied during the Roman era. Pottery and flints were recovered including a variety of axes, knives, chisels, scrapers, borers, and picks. Sickle blades were mostly finely serrated or showed coarse denticulation. Pottery was hardened by firing and included flat bases, a strap handle and a few sherds incised with stab marks and parallel lines. Jacques Cauvin concluded the artefacts similar and the site likely contemporary with middle neolithic periods of Byblos. A.M.T. Moore argued that finds such as Amuq points and short axes were more archaic still, possibly even dating into the Upper Paleolithic. He further suggested the site had been frequented by hunter-gatherer groups forming temporary camps and developed into a village during the early neolithic period.</p><br>
<h2>Tell aux Scies</h2><br>
<p>Tell aux Scies or Tell of Saws is located south of Beirut, in the dunes near the coast. Father Auguste Bergy collected PPNB materials from the site in 1932 before it was turned into landfill for rubbish. The site has shown many similarities to Damascus basin sites and compared to the very earliest levels of Tell Ramad, dating to the earliest stage of the PPNB.</p><br>
<p>Beech Grove Cemetery is a large historical cemetery and national historic district located at Muncie, Indiana. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Background information</h2><br>
<p>Beech Grove Cemetery was established in 1841 and is a municipal facility supported by a combination of private and public funding. The entrance gate, completed in 1904, was designed by noted architect Marshall S. Mahurin. The Gothic Revival style administration building was added in 1921-1923. It was renovated in 1974 and redecorated in 1991. The earliest mausoleum dates to 1904.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is governed by a board of directors, whose members are appointed by the Muncie City Council. The Muncie Public Library is partnered with the Beech Grove Cemetery and has an online database of all their burials. It is a part of the Muncie / Delaware County Digital Resource Library. There are over 42,000 burials.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>The five Ball Brothers, founders of the Ball Corporation</p><br>
<p>Congressman George W. Cromer (1856-1936)</p><br>
<p>Congressman Andrew Kennedy (1810-1847)</p><br>
<p>The Triangle Diner is a quintessential American diner in Winchester, Virginia. It was built in 1948 by the Jerry O&#39;Mahony Diner Company of Elizabeth, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the best preserved classic diners in America, with close to 100% of the original features still intact. Key features include elaborate stainless steel ornamentation on the exterior, rounded interior ceiling with hidden lighting cove on all sides, a counter with stools and booths for patron seating, and terrazzo concrete floor. OMahony was one of the most significant and prolific diner manufacturing companies of all time and is often regarded as the company that set the highest standards for diner construction quality and craftsmanship. Every aspect of the structures form and function was very carefully designed and optimized.</p><br>
<p>OMahony is considered a father of the American diner and builder of the "Cadillac" of American diners. His companys work served as an inspiration for other diner manufacturers throughout the 1940s and 1950s. The Triangle Diner is an outstanding example of "Moderne architectural features" that are representative of the stainless steel prefabricated diners of the post–World War II era. The entire diner building – approximately 43 by 16 feet – was built at the O&#39;Mahony Diner Company factory in New Jersey and once fully complete was then transported by train nearly 300 miles to Winchester, Virginia. It has been at the same busy intersection in Winchester since it first arrived there, more than 60 years ago. While diners of this design somewhat resemble and are often confused with railroad cars removed from their wheels, these buildings were never railroad cars.</p><br>
<p>The Triangle Diner was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the USA Department of the Interior on March 31, 2010, and was added to the Virginia Landmarks Register on December 17, 2009. The building is currently closed pending completion of a very comprehensive historic restoration, including roof repair, and upgrades to plumbing, air conditioning/heating and electrical systems. It will also feature an upgraded and enlarged kitchen in the rear of the diner building.</p><br>
<p>The Triangle Diner is the older of only two stainless steel O’Mahony diners in Virginia. Of the more than 2,000 O&#39;Mahony diners once built, only a few dozen still remain nationwide.</p><br>
<p>Country music legend Patsy Cline worked at the diner for three years after dropping out of high school to help support her mother and siblings.</p><br>
<p>The Clarys Mountain Historic District comprises 8 acre on either side of Hammonds Mill Road east of Hedgesville, West Virginia. The district contains six mostly wood-framed houses from the late 19th and early 20th century, with a total of twelve structures, including outbuildings. The oldest house, the Thomas Payne House at Hammonds Mill Road, was built in 1879. The Ward-Lemaster House ) was built in 1905 with eclectic detailing. 627 Hammond&#39;s Mill Road was built about 1894. The Lee Lingamfelter House at 611 incorporates Eastlake detailing. The Dr. D.R. Ross House at 589 was built in 1885, and the Morris-Kilmer House is an American Foursquare from about 1920.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood lies at the foot of Potato Hill, a component of the North Mountain ridge. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 15, 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Lynnhaven House, also Wishart–Boush House, Wishart House, and Boush House, which was built circa 1725, is an example of 18th century Tidewater Virginia vernacular architecture and is located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Although it was founded by the Thelaball family, it is sometimes referred to as the Boush House or the Wishart House. The house was given the name the Lynnhaven House due to its close proximity to the Lynnhaven River, which flows on the same property. Originally, the home, located at 4405 Wishart Road, stood on a 250 acre plantation. Now, it is located on five and a half acres.</p><br>
<p>This house reflects the social and economic status of Francis Thelaball, a middling plantation owner who built it for his family. This home provides a glimpse into the life of middle-class planter rather than a wealthy plantation owner. Francis, his wife Abigail, their five sons, an apprentice, and several enslaved people all lived in the house from 1725-1727. While relatively little is known about Francis and his wife Abigail, much more is known about Francis&#39;s cousin, Joyce Langley Thelaball who was born in 1694.</p><br>
<p>Architectural and design details including brick jack arches, a close-spindle staircase with teardrop pendant, and ship&#39;s lap floor construction reveal a builder concerned with quality as well as artistry. Behind the historic house lies a small cemetery with plots that date back to the American Revolutionary War. This 19th-century burial ground of the Boush family stands watch to the south of the house that the family once owned, and is why the house is sometimes referred to as the Boush House.</p><br>
<p>The house was used as a private residence until 1971 when it was purchased by Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities). It was under the care of Preservation Virginia before the City of Virginia Beach acquired the property. The 18th century home has had very few changes made throughout the years and is estimated to still have 85% of its original materials intact, which makes it one of the country&#39;s best-preserved buildings from that time period.</p><br>
<p>The Lynnhaven House is listed as part of the United States National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library is a historic Carnegie library located at Muncie, Indiana, United States. The building houses the Local History & Genealogy collection and an open computer lab. The facility also provides wireless access and a meeting room for local groups to reserve. It is one of four branches that make up the Muncie Public Library System. The building was made possible through a financial donation to the City of Muncie by Andrew Carnegie to expand their library system throughout the community. The foundation for Carnegie Library was built in 1902 and the building opened to the public in 1904. It has been in continuous use as a library since its opening. The building is located in downtown Muncie at the intersection of Jackson and Jefferson.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Carnegie Library was dedicated on January 1, 1904. The library was built after a donation of $55,000 was given to the City of Muncie by Andrew Carnegie, with the goal to assist them in expanding their library system throughout the community. The library was one of the first structures in Indiana built from the funding of Andrew Carnegie, who was a major philanthropist, who supported library systems throughout the world. The plot of land where the building is located was a gift from local businessman George Spilker., the library continues to house the local history and genealogy department of the Muncie Library System.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The design and building of the library was conducted by the architectural firm of Wing and Mahurin of Fort Wayne, Indiana. The exterior structure is made of Indiana Limestone and modeled after Greek and classical architectural forms. The exterior of the building remains in its original state. The neoclassical architectural style includes a Romanesque dome located on the roof, in the central part of the library.</p><br>
<p>The Grace Keiser Maring Library is located on the south side of Muncie, Indiana, USA. Built at 1808 South Madision Street, the library is next to Heekin Park, the largest and oldest community park in Muncie. The library was the first branch library built in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grace Maring was the wife of Joel Maring, founder of glass factories throughout Muncie. A philanthropist and advocate for education, Grace Maring gave the city of Muncie $25,000 on her death to develop a public library system. In 1930, the Grace Keiser Maring Library was dedicated and began serving the south side of Muncie. The library was posted to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The library was designed by architects Herbert Smenner and Charles Houck. The architectural style is a variation of colonial revival, a popular style in the early 20th century. Built from brick and trimmed with limestone, it is the only remaining civic building of this style in Muncie.</p><br>
<p>The Emily Kimbrough Historic District is a historical neighborhood in downtown Muncie, Indiana. Established as a Muncie local historical district in 1976, it was eventually added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1980. The district is bounded by Monroe, East Washington, Hackley, and East Charles Streets. The boundaries were later increased to roughly East Gilbert, Beacon Street, East Charles Street, and Madison Street on June 29, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The District was named after author and journalist Emily Kimbrough, who spent much of her childhood in the District. Her former home, located at 715 East Washington, is still standing today. Muncie and her old "East End" neighborhood are reflected in much of her writing.</p><br>
<p>Muncie became a commercial and industrial center of east central Indiana after the discovery of natural gas in 1886. Most houses in the District were built after the discovery; citizens who profited from the natural gas enterprise built many of the houses. The District soon became the neighborhood of Muncie&#39;s socially elite and prosperous citizens.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression brought a decline in Muncie&#39;s economy, and many of the homes in the District fell into decay. The neighborhood experienced even more neglect after the conclusion of World War II, some even being demolished. In the late 20th Century, the city of Muncie began redeveloping the downtown area and also began restoring the historic neighborhood. Many homes in the District have now been renovated and restored to their original state.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The District contains several of Muncie&#39;s significant late Victorian Architecture and Post-Victorian houses, many of which were designed by local architects. Many of the homes built after 1886 were more Italianate architecture, which was a largely popular style in Indiana during the 1870s and 1880s. Styles such as Queen Anne, Free Classic, and Colonial Revival are also very popular in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Contemporary Significance</h2><br>
<p>The District remains a significant part of Muncie history and culture. Since 1976 the East Central Neighborhood Association in Muncie, Indiana, has sponsored the Old Washington Street Festival. The Festival is held annually in the neighborhood, promoting the historical gas boom days and the unique architecture of the homes. The festival offers house tours of the many homes in the District.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Many of Muncie&#39;s most famous residents resided in the District.</p><br>
<p>Emily Kimbrough - Author and journalist; spent much of her childhood in the District and included the neighborhood in many of her writings</p><br>
<p>C. M. Kimbrough - President of the Indiana Bridge Company</p><br>
<p>John F. Wildman - Owner of Muncie Times Newspaper</p><br>
<p>Charles Over - Owner of Over Glass Works</p><br>
<p>Cathy Day - Novelist and short story writer</p><br>
<p>The West Union School is a historic one-room school located near the village of Norwich in eastern Muskingum County, Ohio, United States. Situated along County Road 200 south of the village,</p><br>
<p>The school is a weatherboarded building, constructed on a foundation of sandstone and covered with a slate roof; additionally, it features brick details. It features a simple rectangular floor plan, measuring 35 ft long and 25 ft wide. Although now over 150 years old, the school remains in fine condition; it is believed to have been preserved better than any other extant one-room school in the area.</p><br>
<p>Classes met in the West Union School from its completion in 1858 until late in 1933, at which time the West Union School District united with other Union Township districts to merge with the New Concord school system. Since that time, the school has served as a community center: it has hosted events for religious groups, musicians and farmers organizations, and even a debate club. In early 1978, the West Union School was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its role in local history.</p><br>
<p>The Ny Carlsberg Brewhouse  is a historic, listed building in the Carlsberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark, on the border between Vesterbro and Valby.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ny Carlsberg Brewhouse was built by Carl Jacobsen as the new brewhouse of his Ny Carlsberg Brewery which he had founded after a conflict with his father, Carlsberg-founder J. C. Jacobsen. It was designed by Vilhelm Klein and completed in 1901, replacing a smaller brewhouse still to be seen on the opposite side of the road. The new brewhouse complex also included a straw storage house to the east and a hops store with a yeast cellar to the west.</p><br>
<p>In 1920 the brewhouse complex was extended northward by Carl Harild and then altered in 1949 and 1965. Later, when the facilities became outdated, the buildings were put to other use. In 2006, Carlsberg decided to close the Valby brewery and instead redevelop the area. In 2008, the year beer production on the site was discontinued, the brewhouse became a listed building. In early 2011 it was stripped of its inventory and most of its furnishings to prepare it for other use.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Ny Carlsberg Brewhouse is built in the Historicist style which also characterizes the rest of the Carlsberg area.</p><br>
<p>The main source of inspiration comes from Italian Renaissance architecture. The building&#39;s facade with its balcony is inspired by Palazzo Bevilacqua in Verona.</p><br>
<h2>Roof-top sculpture</h2><br>
<p>On the roof stands Carl Johan Bonnesens large group sculpture "Thors battle against the Jötunns". The group of figures was originally a competition proposal for a monument at Langelinie which was won by Anders Bundgaard&#39;s Gefion Fountain. Carl Jacobsen subsequently asked Bonnesen to produce a copy for his new brewhouse.</p><br>
<h2>The Brewhouse today</h2><br>
<p>Charlton House is a historic building in Wraxall, Somerset, England. It is a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<p>The original building dates from the late mediaeval period, however it was altered in the early to mid 17th century and further extended between 1877 and 1884. It was the home of Antony Gibbs of Antony Gibbs & Sons a trading company, whose son William Gibbs bought the Tyntesfield estate and built up the business. The rendered stone three-storey building has a slate roof with a parapet. The hall fireplace dates from the early 17th century as does some of the fabric of the central block however most of the building was added in the 19th century. The fireplace has a gadrooned surround with clustered colonnettes on each side. These finish with caryatids and a moulded cornice. The large overmantel is decorated with the figures of kings and women representing Charity and Justice.</p><br>
<p>Since 1927 it has housed The Downs School, a preparatory school founded in 1894 (originally in a house overlooking Clifton Down, across the Clifton Suspension Bridge). The current headmaster of the Downs School is Marcus Gunn. The school takes pupils from its reception class until year three in pre-preparatory school and then from year four to year eight in the preparatory school. At the end of year 8, most pupils feed into other local Bristol schools, such as Clifton College and Bristol Grammar School along with Queen Elizabeth&#39;s Hospital and even schools further afield such as schools in Taunton and Millfield. It is set in 60 acre of parkland.</p><br>
<p>The house was part of the Tyntesfield estate and the associated Charlton Farm was sold in 2002. It is now a residential centre of Children&#39;s Hospice South West.</p><br>
<p>The Didsbury Campus was a campus of Manchester Metropolitan University, located on Wilmslow Road, Didsbury, Manchester, England. It was originally the site of a private estate, with the oldest building dating to around 1785, and became a theological college for the Wesleyan Methodist Church in 1842. A chapel was also built around this time, and later became part of the college. These buildings are all now listed.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, in response to a growing need for new teachers across the country, the site became a temporary teacher training college, becoming permanent in 1950. Over the next thirty years there was a significant building programme, with classrooms, lecture theatres, offices, sports facilities and a library all being constructed. The college became a part of Manchester Polytechnic (later Manchester Metropolitan University) in 1977. In 2005, the campus became home to the Science Learning Centre North West.</p><br>
<p>The university closed the campus in 2014, and sold the land to developers, with facilities moving to a new purpose-built campus named Birley Fields in Hulme. All the buildings constructed after World War II were demolished, with only the listed buildings remaining. These are currently being converted into homes, and the rest of the site is undergoing redevelopment as a residential area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history: 1465–1946</h3><br>
<p>According to local historian Diana Leitch, the site has been in use since 1465, with the first house being built in 1603 as part of a large estate with a deer park. In 1740, the site was purchased by the Broome family, and a new house was constructed after 1785 by William Broome, extant today as the front part of the former administration building of the university, now known as Sandhurst House. By 1812, the house was occupied by a Colonel Parker, and in the 1820s and 1830s the house was used as a girls&#39; school. The site was purchased by the Wesleyan Methodist Church on 18 March 1841 for £2,000, and opened as a theological college on 22 September 1842 with a special service. The construction and later renovations were paid for from a centenary fund, an initiative started ten years previously by the Methodist scholar Adam Clarke.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the main house, the Methodist owners constructed a chapel that could hold 300 worshippers, along with accommodation for staff. This was later dubbed "the Old Pump House". In 1866, the main house was extended with two wings and a back to form a quadrangle, and the front was reclad in Kerridge stone. In 1877, a new church was built to serve the college, the large Victorian Gothic St Paul&#39;s Methodist Church, on an adjacent site, and the chapel became the college library and lecture theatre. By the end of the nineteenth century, Didsbury had become a branch of a national Wesleyan Theological Institution, along with Wesley College, Headingley, in Leeds and Handsworth College in Birmingham. The first president of the Institute was Jabez Bunting, and John Hannah was among the first tutors.</p><br>
<p>During both world wars the site was used as a military hospital, with up to 200 beds and more than 5000 patients receiving treatment between 1941 and 1945. In 1943, the Board of Education had begun to consider the future of education, following reforms that would inevitably come after the war ended. It was estimated that with the raising of the school leaving age, following the 1944 Education Act, about 70,000 new teachers would be needed annually, almost ten times as many as before the war. In 1944 a report was produced by the Board of Education on the emergency recruitment and training of teachers, and it was decided that there were to be several new training colleges set up. These colleges were to be staffed by lecturers seconded from local authorities, with mature students selected from the national service. The City of Manchester was no exception, and a search was undertaken for suitable accommodation for a new emergency training college. In 1945, the theological college, which was no longer required by the Wesleyans, was leased to the Manchester Education Authority, and the new emergency training college was officially opened on 31 January 1946, with Alfred Body as the first principal.</p><br>
<h3>Didsbury College of Education: 1946–1977</h3><br>
<p>The college faced some difficulties initially, as the building which had accommodated 70 students previously now needed space for 224, including 140 living on site. In the first four years, renovations by the Ministry of Works included the removal of 60 chimney stacks, a new roof, new wiring and central heating. Many lectures took place away from the site in various schools and other buildings nearby, and temporary huts &ndash; which would become permanent &ndash; were constructed in 1947. The first students were all ex-service men who had been interviewed by boards established by the Ministry of Education; they completed a 2-year course over a period of just 13 months. The second cohort of 242 men completed their course in a similar amount of time. In 1948, Didsbury became co-educational, with 158 female and 106 male students enrolling. There was some uncertainty about what was to become of the college once the emergency scheme had ended; the Methodists who still owned the building had moved their business to Bristol. The University of Manchester had expressed an interest in using the site as student accommodation, and the Methodists also wished to set up a training college. In the end, by 1950, the emergency college was purchased by the City of Manchester and made permanent as Didsbury Teacher Training College, with an initial enrolment of about 250 male and female students. As a result of becoming a permanent college, Didsbury became a part of Manchester University&#39;s School of Education. In 1956 Lord and Lady Simon of Wythenshawe granted the college 5.5 acre of land on the opposite side of Wilmslow Road, allowing sports days to be held.</p><br>
<p>Over the next two decades, numerous buildings were constructed on the site; Behrens, Birley and Simon were all named after prominent local families which had ties to the college: The date the building was opened is given in parentheses where known:</p><br>
<p>Simon Building (1963; construction started in 1957). Included lecture rooms, a gymnasium, assembly hall, refectory and kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Behrens Building</p><br>
<p>Broomhurst Hall (1963). A mixed halls of residence on the site of the playing field</p><br>
<p>Royal Ford Hall of Residence (November 1965); off-site.</p><br>
<p>Birley Building (1968). Included a refectory, kitchen and teaching rooms.</p><br>
<p>Assembly hall and drama studio (1968; constructed between 1963 and 1964).</p><br>
<p>Sports centre and swimming pool (1973).</p><br>
<p>Purpose-built library (1975).</p><br>
<p>Park End House, originally a home for the principal, was converted into residential accommodation in 1946, and houses on Didsbury Park were purchased by the college in the 1960s as student hostels. In 1968, the bedrooms of the college were converted into tutorial offices, and the Old Social Room, which had been built during World War II, was converted into a College Club, complete with a bar, which eventually moved into the old chapel.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, Didsbury Teacher Training College was renamed to Didsbury College of Education, following the Robbins Report on Higher Education. By 1966, student numbers had risen to 1,100 with 107 staff. In the late 1960s, under the second principal Ronald Goldman, plans were made to change the college into the University of South Manchester, though these never came to fruition. In 1970, student numbers had increased significantly to 1550.</p><br>
<h3>Polytechnic and university: 1977–2014</h3><br>
<p>Didsbury became part of Manchester Polytechnic in 1977, renamed as Didsbury School of Education. The merger was met with some opposition by students, who considered the Polytechnic to be "quite different" to the college. The City of Manchester College of Higher Education merged with the polytechnic in 1983, and in 1992 it gained university status, becoming Manchester Metropolitan University. In the same year it merged with Crewe and Alsager College, which became the university&#39;s Cheshire campus. As part of a university, Didsbury was granted an annual research fund of £375,000, and by 1995 the first doctorates in education were being planned, with PhDs introduced later. There were 1867 students by 1986, and throughout the 1980s and 1990s there were ongoing improvements to technology: computers became commonplace, and interactive whiteboards were introduced across all classrooms by 2009. In 1999, the School of Education became known as the Institute of Education, and student numbers reached a peak of 3207 in 2004. In 2005 the library was significantly renovated and updated, with mezzanine floors, a lift, and group study rooms being constructed. Didsbury became the base of the Science Learning Centre North West (later known as STEM) in 2005, following the building of new science laboratories costing £2 million. In 2008 the institute was renamed as the Faculty of Education. It was placed 8th on the national league tables in the same year, and was the highest rated new university with a large education faculty.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the university made proposals to significantly develop Didsbury, bringing the School of Health, Psychology and Social Care and the Institute of Education onto the Didsbury site, after the closure of the Elizabeth Gaskell campus. Plans involved the creation of £19 million multi-storey teaching blocks and upgraded buildings, and improved access to facilities such as the library and sports centre. The plans were criticised by local residents, whose main concern was parking, since the plans could lead to 1900 new students on site and 240 new staff. By 2008, plans had changed and it was decided to close the Didsbury campus and move the 2740 students to a new facility in Hulme, later named Birley Fields. This new campus, close to the All Saints campus in the city centre, was designed to replace all of the university&#39;s other Manchester campuses, with funds arising from the land that was sold off. Reactions to the announced closure were mixed; local traders and businesses were worried about the impact of the loss of students, but many residents supported the move, especially those who had opposed expansion. The Didsbury campus finally closed in August 2014, and the new £140 million Birley Fields campus opened on 2 October 2014, after two years of construction. In total, the university spent £350 million on investing in new facilities at Birley Fields, as well as the All Saints and Cheshire campuses.</p><br>
<h3>Present day: 2014–</h3><br>
<p>As of 2017, the site is being redeveloped by local architects PJ Livesey as a residential area of 93 homes, with the listed buildings being retained: the former administration building will contain 19 apartments, located within the original part of the building, and 12 houses situated in the wings as mews homes; the old chapel will contain 10 apartments; the Lodge will become a house; and 801 and 803 Wilmslow Road will become houses. and garages and gardens. There will be seven newly-built apartments, along with an underground car park. The area will be known as St James Park, and a new 420-place primary school, operated by Beaver Road Primary School, will be constructed on the land previously occupied by Broomhurst Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Academics</h2><br>
<p>When the college was opened in 1946, teacher training followed the standard route of two years, albeit initially taking a shorter time during the first few years as an emergency college. Courses available included rural studies, nature studies, handicraft, metalwork, physical education, mathematics, science, chemistry, music, geography, English, history, drama, art, religious studies, and infant education. As a result of the Robbins Report, the certificate was extended to three years, and in 1966, the first students of the Bachelor of Education (BEd) degree enrolled, graduating three years later in 1969, awarded by the University of Manchester. One of the most important subjects introduced was education studies, and a graduate course was introduced in the 1960s that would eventually become the PGCE, introduced in the 1970s. Further courses, including sociology, and European and American Studies were also introduced at this time. By the 1970s, courses in compensatory education and special needs had been introduced, in addition to in-service courses for qualified teachers. It was around this time that Didsbury students began to be taught by subject specialists, and the PGCE was organised by subject. In 1973, BEd students were offered a fourth year of studies to gain an honours degree, and in 1980 this became standard for all students. Teaching and learning through ICT became embedded in the 2000s. There was also a degree available in early childhood studies. The most recent courses introduced were youth work and social work.</p><br>
<p>Teaching students spent time away from the campus in a school to develop their skills. The amount of time in schools varied across the years and across courses, with the PGCE students spending 24 weeks in schools. Students would be supervised on placement by visiting university tutors; until 1990 each student had two tutors to ensure consistency and to moderate, but this was changed to one due to costs. From 2005, the BEd began to be phased out and replaced with a BA degree in primary education.</p><br>
<p>From the beginning, Didsbury encouraged connections to educational institutions in other countries, with at least 1000 people reported to have visited during the first nine months, from Greece, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and America. Staff and students made visits to foreign countries, including Germany and Russia, with students from these countries visiting Didsbury. In the 1970s, visits to Germany, France, the Netherlands and the United States became a major part of Didsbury&#39;s courses, and these relationships were strengthened when the UK joined the European Economic Community. The Erasmus Programme, a European Union programme set up in 1987, established partner institutions across Europe, allowing staff and students to spend significant amounts of time abroad, most while studying the BEd degree from 1991 onwards. The purpose of Erasmus was to allow students to gain experience in a foreign setting, and return to the UK with knowledge and skills that would impact the children they would teach. As a result of a policy change for accommodation, visits to Finland by students with their children were made possible in 2000. In 2008, it was extended to include Bridgewater State College in the United States, and Hong Kong Institute of Education, despite not being in Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The campus was situated south of Didsbury village on Wilmslow Road, approximately 5.5 mi from Manchester City Centre, as the road turns east towards Parrs Wood. This section describes the campus as of the final academic year it was occupied by Manchester Metropolitan University.</p><br>
<h3>Listed buildings</h3><br>
<h4>Administration Building</h4><br>
<p>The Administration Building (now known as Sandhurst House) is the oldest building on the site, dating back to around 1785. After the Wesleyans purchased it in 1842, they extended it by adding two Neo-Grecian style wings and a back to form a central courtyard. The architect was probably Richard Lane. The front of the original house was reclad in a sandstone ashlar facade, with the original rear and courtyard walls of Flemish bond red brick remaining. In 1930, glazed skylights were added to the slate roofs, and the Old Social Room, later the student resource centre, was built in the courtyard during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The west side of the original three-storey building consists of five bays, with the two-storey 1842 additions making a total of 11 bays. There are four pilasters decorated with carved lotus leaf capitals and acanthus bases. Pevsner suggests that these architectural details were taken from illustrations by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett of the Ancient Greek Tower of the Winds in Athens, and notes that identical decorations can be seen on another house by Lane at 84 Plymouth Grove in Manchester, later occupied by Elizabeth Gaskell. The east range consists of 16 bays, with a passageway in the centre. The main entrance hall contains an elliptical spiral staircase with an iron balustrade, which leads up to the former reception rooms and bedrooms. This building was designated a Grade II* listed building on 25 February 1952.</p><br>
<p>During the time the university occupied the site, the building contained bedrooms for students, and later, most of the offices of lecturers and administration staff.</p><br>
<h4>Old Chapel</h4><br>
<p>The Old Chapel Building, originally the college chapel, is one of the campus&#39;s listed buildings, gaining Grade II listed status on 6 June 1994. It is a two-storey building constructed in gothic style, with Flemish bond brickwork, built on a sandstone plinth in 1842. It is also likely to be the work of Richard Lane. The structure consists of three wings, containing a central hall range, with two domestic wings on each side, initially used as tutor accommodation, forming a symmetrical appearance with the gable end of the upper hall. For many years, this was used as a library and lecture theatre. The ground floor eventually became the student union, and contained a bar and café. The first floor was used as the base of ESRI (Education and Social Research Institute) and lecture space.</p><br>
<h4>The Lodge</h4><br>
<p>This building is situated near to the Old Chapel on the edge of the campus, and was constructed in the 1870s as a gatehouse. As an associated building to the grander college building, it is considered to be curtilage listed. In modern times it housed security and is due to be developed as a private property.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>The Birley Building was a four-storey building which contained the refectory and kitchen, a conference centre, and numerous classrooms, including art and ceramic studios and computer suites. The Birley Building was attached directly to the library, which was spread over three floors and modernised in 2005. It contained group work rooms and study areas. Academic books and journals were available for research, as well as children&#39;s books and other resources for students to use during school-based placements.</p><br>
<p>The Behrens Building was three floors high and mainly consisted of classrooms, though it originally contained a student common room and study area. During the library&#39;s redesign, the ground floor of Behrens was used as a temporary library.</p><br>
<p>Attached to Behrens was the Simon Building which contained a variety of rooms, including classrooms, lecture theatres, science laboratories, offices, music rooms, technology rooms, and the assembly hall and foyer. At basement level there was a drama studio. The Simon Building originally contained a gymnasium and refectory with an associated kitchen, and in 2006 there were proposals to demolish part of the building to make space for new teaching facilities.</p><br>
<p>The sports centre, which was open to the public, contained a dance studio, a gym, and a sports hall, as well as changing rooms. Until 2000, it also housed a swimming pool, but this was closed as a result of the opening of Manchester Aquatics Centre, despite protests by local residents. Externally there were tennis courts. Other buildings on the campus included sets of temporary classrooms, some dating from the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>West View is a historic residence in Zanesville, Ohio, United States. Built in 1890,</p><br>
<p>Richard Bonifield was a leading Zanesville physician, establishing his practice in the city in 1867. By the late 1880s, he had become sufficiently prosperous to build a house in an undeveloped area of the city. When the house was finished, it was the among the first buildings along its section of Sunkel Boulevard: the land was only platted in 1913, and most development in the area occurred during the late 1910s and the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Bonifields home features a stone foundation and a slate roof, and the walls are frame. The architecture is Queen Anne in style with many Eastlake features; the latter influences are found most clearly in the front porch, which features distinctive support columns and an ornately decorated frieze. The most significant aspect of the architecture is the houses two-story interior: aside from plumbing updates in the bathroom and kitchen, it has not been modified in more than a century. Among the leading pieces of the interior are the gold-colored oak wood panelling, which has never been painted, the artistic tiling, and the five original mantelpieces.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, West View was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of two National Register-listed properties in the neighborhood, along with the Capt. James Boggs Tannehill House, which was also one of the few nearby buildings constructed before the neighborhood was platted.</p><br>
<p>The Cagsawa Ruins  are the remnants of a 16th-century Franciscan church, the Cagsawa church. It was originally built in the town of Cagsawa in 1587 but was burned down by Dutch pirates in 1636. It was rebuilt in 1724 by Fr. Francisco Blanco, but was destroyed again, along with the town of Cagsawa, in February 1, 1814, during the eruption of the Mayon Volcano.</p><br>
<p>The ruins are currently located in Barangay Busay, Cagsawa, in the municipality of Daraga, Albay, Philippines.</p><br>
<p>It is part of Cagsawa Park and is protected and maintained by the municipal government of Daraga and the National Museum of the Philippines, is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the area. The International Tourism Bourse, one of the world’s top travel trade shows based in Berlin, has even recognized the site as one of the places to visit in Asia.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Cagsawa ruins are located 2.2 km from the town of Daraga and are approximately 8 km from the city of Legazpi. They are also 3.3 km from the Legazpi Airport and a 55-minute flight from Manila. By bus, the location is 12 to 14 hours away from Manila.</p><br>
<p>It is considered symbolic of the dangers of living in close proximity with the Mayon volcano, as it is situated roughly 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) away from the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The baroque church of Cagsawa was originally built in 1587 in the small town of Cagsawa (spelled as Cagsaua during the Hispanic occupation of the Philippines). But it was burned down by Dutch pirates in 1636. In 1724, the church was rebuilt by Franciscan friars under Father Francisco Blanco.</p><br>
<p>On February 1, 1814, the strongest eruption recorded to date of the Mayon volcano buried the town of Cagsawa and its surrounding areas in under several hundred million cubic meters of tephra and lahar., killing an estimated 2,000 people. Hundreds of inhabitants of the town of Cagsawa purportedly sought refuge in the church, but were also killed by pyroclastic flows and lahar. Only the belfry and some parts of the convent survive today, though parts of the crumbling facade were still standing long after the 1814 eruption as attested by photographs. It is believed that the facade of the structure collapsed due to earthquakes that hit the area in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Survivors of the 1814 eruption resettled into the nearby Daraga, which was then a mere barrio of the destroyed town of Cagsawa, and decided to merge the two. However, the Cagsawa church should not be confused with the intact church of Nuestra Señora de la Porteria (locally known as the Daraga Church), built in 1773 and also located in the municipality of Daraga.</p><br>
<p>Cagsawa was also subjected to the Super Typhoon Durian (designated Typhoon Reming by PAGASA) in 2006. The ruins were unharmed even as the typhoon devastated the surrounding countryside with mudslides and lahar that killed at least 1,266 people. The incident is similar to another catastrophe in the same region in 1825, shortly after the 1814 Mayon eruption.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of the Cagsawa church now stands as the site of the Cagsawa Ruins Park, one of the most popular tourist destinations in Albay. It is also the site of the Cagsawa Branch of the National Museum of the Philippines, also known as the Cagsawa National Museum. The museum was established on land that was donated by the municipality of Daraga to the National Museum on January 26, 1981.</p><br>
<p>It was formally inaugurated on October 30, 1992 and is the third largest regional branch of the National Museum. It houses a collection of photographs of the volcanic eruptions of Mount Mayon as well as various geological and archeological exhibits.</p><br>
<p>In addition, Cagsawa also provides all-terrain-vehicle (ATV) tours which allow tourists to trail down the lava front in Barangay Mabinit.</p><br>
<h3>Cagsawa Festival</h3><br>
<p>The Cagsawa Festival is the latest addition to the celebrated festivals of Albay province, and has recently joined the ranks of the province&#39;s major festivals. It was launched in 2012 by the province and the municipal government of Daraga. The festival showcases various activities and entertainment such as outdoor and sport events, culinary activities, and cultural presentations of dances and plays.</p><br>
<p>In line with this, the Pintura Cagsawa was also introduced, which provides venue for artists to showcase their works through body painting. It is solely on this festival in the province that body art is explored and showcased.</p><br>
<p>Last February 1, 2014, the province of Albay commemorated the 200th anniversary of the 1814 eruption by holding the Cagsawa Festival, “Cagsawa Dos Siglos.” The festival aimed to pay tribute to the strength and resiliency of the people in Albay. According to Joey Salceda, Albay governor, Albayanos (local name for people from Albay) are aware that they live within the shadow of a beautiful yet dangerous volcano every day. Thus, the anniversary of the 1814 eruption also serves as a reminder of the town&#39;s commitment to disaster risk reduction as part of their way of life to be able to achieve their goals of development for the community.</p><br>
<p>Long Lake is a freshwater lake located in Thurston County, Washington, United States. It is located approximately 5.5 miles east of Olympia. It consists of two basins connected by a narrow neck. It is two miles long and has two islands, Holmes Island  and Kirby Island . Long Lake is fed by Pattison Lake and drains via Himes/Woodland Creek and Lois Lake to Henderson Inlet.</p><br>
<h2>Public Access</h2><br>
<h3>Boat Launch</h3><br>
<p>The lake can be accessed via a Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) boat launch. The launch is open during fishing season and requires a WDFW vehicle use permit.</p><br>
<h3>Long Lake Park</h3><br>
<p>Long Lake Park is a 10 acre park operated by the City of Lacey which features a swimming beach, sand-volleyball courts, and barbecue facilities. The park has 285 feet of beach frontage as well as picnic facilities and pedestrian trails through the woods.</p><br>
<p>The city calls the swimming beach one of the finest in Thurston County. The park is open from 7am to dusk.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>The following species of fish can be found in Long Lake:</p><br>
<p>Largemouth bass</p><br>
<p>Rock bass</p><br>
<p>Bluegill</p><br>
<p>Brown bullhead</p><br>
<p>Common carp</p><br>
<p>Yellow perch</p><br>
<p>Pumpkinseed</p><br>
<p>Suckerfish</p><br>
<p>Coastal cutthroat trout</p><br>
<p>Rainbow trout</p><br>
<p>Warmouth</p><br>
<h2>Lake Management District</h2><br>
<p>Since 1987, Long Lake property owners have authorized Lake Management District No. 19 to oversee the management of the lake. Currently, the District is authorized for Jan. 1, 2011 to Dec. 31, 2015</p><br>
<h3>Goals</h3><br>
<p>Monitor and manage any recurrence of milfoil or emergence of other aquatic plants to meet recreational and aesthetic needs, fishery and wildlife habitat requirements, and watershed concerns.</p><br>
<p>Conduct water quality monitoring</p><br>
<p>Investigate and promote best management practices and shoreline enhancement to decrease phosphorus loading.</p><br>
<p>Implement the Long Lake Management Plan.</p><br>
<p>Investigate, advise, and report upon impacts caused by the increased population and popular use of Long Lake, while maintaining quality of life on and around the lake.</p><br>
<p>Maintain a steering committee responsible for directing LMD activities, overseeing finances and communicating with property owners.</p><br>
<h2>Boating Safety Rules</h2><br>
<p>Thurston County establishes regulations regarding boating operations and water safety on Long Lake.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, Long Lake was added to the WDFW list of lakes open for year-round fishing, which removed its "30 day rule" which stated: "For the first 30 days of fishing season the speed limit is 5 mph around-the-clock". Long Lake is now open, year-round, to watercraft with a 45 mph speed limit in open basins EXCEPT at night and in the morning, when the speed limit is 5 mph. (The 5 mph limit applies after 8 p.m. or official sunset, whichever comes first, to 11 a.m. in the morning.)</p><br>
<p>After sunset, all crafts must use proper running lights.</p><br>
<p>Crafts operating over 5 mph must be at least 200 feet off the shoreline. This must be observed because swimmers and nonmotorized craft tend to gather within the 200-foot safety zone. This rule also reduces the impact of wakes upon shore banks.</p><br>
<p>Crafts operating over 5 mph, including personal watercraft or "jet skis," must also remain at least 100 feet away from all other craft and persons.</p><br>
<p>All watercraft must travel in a counter-clockwise direction.</p><br>
<p>Water skiing must be done in groups of at least three: a driver, an observer, and a skier. The observer is required to watch the skier at all times and to use a red or orange flag to signal when a skier is down in the water. All water skiers are required to wear an approved flotation device.</p><br>
<p>Personal flotation devices must be on-board all watercraft, with one device required for each person and easily accessible. Children 12 years old and younger must wear a personal flotation device at all times if traveling on a vessel that is shorter than 19 feet.</p><br>
<p>All personal watercraft (or "jet ski") operators must wear an approved flotation device.</p><br>
<p>It is illegal to operate any craft while under the influence of drugs or alcohol.</p><br>
<h2>Polar Bear Plunge</h2><br>
<p>Each year on New Year&#39;s Day, Long Lake Park hosts the Polar Bear Plunge where hundreds ring in the new year by jumping into the lake. (and quickly exiting)</p><br>
<p>Pipers Opera House is a historic performing arts venue in Virginia City, Storey County, Nevada in the United States. Pipers served as a training facility in 1897 for heavyweight boxing champion Gentleman Jim Corbett, in preparation for his title bout with Bob Fitzsimmons. The current structure was built by entrepreneur John Piper in 1885 to replace his 1878 opera house that had burned down. The 1878 venue, in turn, had been to replace Pipers 1863 venue which was destroyed by the 1875 Great Fire in Virginia City. Mark Twain spoke from the original Pipers stage in 1866, and again a century later in the third venue, as portrayed by Hal Holbrook in his one-man play Mark Twain Tonight! A lynch mob hung a victim from the first venues rafters in 1871. American theatrical producer David Belasco was stage manager at the second opera house before moving to New York City. Pipers opera houses played host to Shakespearean thespians such as Edwin Booth. Musical performers Lilly Langtry, Al Jolson and John Philip Sousa once performed here. In 1940, Errol Flynn auctioned off historic Piper memorabilia from the opera house stage, during a live NBC broadcast that coincided with the premiere of Flynn&#39;s new movie Virginia City.</p><br>
<h2>John Piper</h2><br>
<p>German immigrant John Piper arrived in Virginia City as part of the 1860 Comstock Lode rush.</p><br>
<p>Piper sat on the City Council in 1865, and was mayor of Virginia City in 1867.</p><br>
<p>In 1874, Piper represented Storey County in the Nevada Senate. In an effort to raise money for Storey County to pay for railroad bonds, Piper managed to get the state senate to unanimously pass a bill that became law, removing the taxation limits on bullion in the county. Piper ran a chain of venues to accommodate touring companies. Among these were McKissick&#39;s Opera House in Reno and the Carson Opera House in Carson City.</p><br>
<p>Piper died in San Francisco at age 63, on January 3, 1897.</p><br>
<h2>Piper's three opera houses</h2><br>
<h3>1863–1875</h3><br>
<p>An 1861 illustration by African American artist Grafton T. Brown depicts the John Piper Old Corner Bar at the southwest corner of B and Union Streets, which aimed to draw the theater crowd as customers. In 1863, Piper purchased an entire block of additional property at the northwest corner of B and Union Streets, which came to be known as Piper Business Block. There Piper built a two-story brick building and relocated the bar to the first story of the new building at the northwest corner of B and Union Streets. The second story of the building was rented out.</p><br>
<p>Tom Maguire and John Burns opened Maguires Opera House in 1863. Maguires was where actress Adah Isaacs Menken appeared in Mazeppa. On October 9, 1867, Piper and his financial sponsor John William Mackay bought Maguires and renamed it Pipers Opera House. On October 30, 1866, Mark Twain delivered a lecture from its stage. The opera house played host to Shakespearean thespians Edwin Booth, Thomas R. Keene, Lawrence Barrett and John Edward McCullough. Actors Frank Mayo (Davy Crockett) and Joe Jefferson (Rip Van Winkle) brought their one-man shows to the Piper.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, actor McKee Rankin became witness to an act of vigilante justice during an extended engagement at the Piper. Rankin and fellow thespian William H. Powers were at the bar next to the troupes International Hotel headquarters, when a customer named Perkins shot another customer and was jailed by the local sheriff. Two days later, on a Sunday morning, Rankin witnessed the lynching of Perkins at the hands of a vigilante mob who hung Perkins from the rafters of the Piper stage. The mob also pulled out their guns and shot Perkins dangling body.</p><br>
<p>The opera house, along with most of Virginia City, burned to the ground on the morning of October 26, 1875, an event known as the Great Fire. Piper promoted shows at other venues until he was financially able to erect a new building.</p><br>
<h3>1878–1883</h3><br>
<p>Piper built his new opera house for $40,000 in 1878 at the rear of his bar at B and Union streets. He maintained an apartment in the new building. The opening was January 28, 1878. In May of that same year, an eight-year-old Maude Adams played the character of Adrienne Renaud in A Celebrated Case when the plays troupe performed in Virginia City. American theatrical producer David Belasco was the Pipers stage manager before moving to New York City in 1882. Minister and social reformer Henry Ward Beecher delivered his lecture of Wastes and Burdens of Society from its stage. The new opera house burned down March 13, 1883.</p><br>
<h3>1885: current opera house</h3><br>
<p>Within days of the 1883 fire, Piper had rented Cooper&#39;s Hall and began presenting entertainment acts, raising capital to build a new opera house. Piper celebrated the opening of the currently existing opera house on March 6, 1885 with a grand ball.</p><br>
<p>Piper&#39;s new building was modernized with a dance floor, carpeting, and hanging balconies. Musical performers Lilly Langtry, John Philip Sousa, Emma Nevada and Al Jolson were among the entertainers in the historic arena.</p><br>
<p>After John Piper died in 1897, his son Edward inherited the opera house and continued its operation until his death in 1907.</p><br>
<p>During Edwards ownership, the opera house transformed from gas to electric lighting in 1900. Nevada tenor Richard Jose performed at Pipers in 1905. Heavyweight boxing champion Gentleman Jim Corbett used the venue as a training facility to prepare for his 1897 title bout with Bob Fitzsimmons.</p><br>
<p>Upon Edwards death, his brother-in-law Louis Zimmer used it as a silent movie house. The venue was also rented out for sports, community socials and civic events. The building was condemned in the 1920s. On March 16, 1940, Errol Flynn arrived in town for the premiere of his new movie Virginia City. The movies cast and crew, along with attending media outlets, gathered at the opera house for a live NBC broadcast of Flynn auctioning off historic Piper memorabilia. After the movie premiere, Zimmer operated the venue as a museum until 1960.</p><br>
<p>After Zimmers 1960 death, Pipers great-great granddaughter Louise Zimmer Driggs opened the venue to summer concerts until 1972. Sixteen years later, Driggs daughter Carol Piper Marshall, a graduate of The Juilliard School in New York City resumed management and opened the venue to entertainment once again. She died March 1, 2006. Mark Twain, as portrayed by Hal Holbrook in his one-man play Mark Twain Tonight!, trod the boards to a sold-out audience at Pipers. Tennessee Ernie Ford was another act at Pipers during this period.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Louise Zimmer Driggs began restoration work on the opera house in the 1960s. She sold Pipers in 1997 to the non-profit Pipers Opera House Historic Programs. Grants from the Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs, and a National Park Service Save America&#39;s Treasures grant, have enabled structural reinforcements and renovations.</p><br>
<p>The Waernicke-Hille House and Store are a pair of historic buildings located near the community of Archer&#39;s Fork in Washington County, Ohio, United States.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, the two buildings are significantly different: the store is a frame structure, while the house is constructed of brick on a foundation of sandstone. Although it was constructed in 1864, it predates all other brick houses in Independence Township. In late 1979, the house and store were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of the important place that they occupy in architectural history and because of their connection to leading local citizens. The area designated as historic encompasses approximately 3 acre and includes three small buildings on the property in addition to the store and house.</p><br>
<p>Sham Castle is a folly in Bathampton overlooking the city of Bath, Somerset, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. It is a screen wall with a central pointed arch flanked by two 3-storey circular turrets, which extend sideways to a 2-storey square tower at each end of the wall.</p><br>
<p>It was probably designed around 1755 by Sanderson Miller and built in 1762 by Richard James, master mason for Ralph Allen, "to improve the prospect" from Allen&#39;s town house in Bath.</p><br>
<p>Sham Castle is now illuminated at night.</p><br>
<h2>Generic term</h2><br>
<p>Other 18th-century so-called "sham castles" exist at Hagley Hall, Clent Grove and Castle Hill, Filleigh.</p><br>
<p>Ralph Allen&#39;s nearby Prior Park Landscape Garden is home to the Sham Bridge. This structure is likewise a screen at the end of the Serpentine Lake which appears to be a bridge. Much like the Sham Castle, it dates from the mid-18th century.</p><br>
<p>Another nearby folly castle is that of Midford Castle. Sham Castle is one of three follies overlooking Bath, the others being Beckfords Tower and Browns Folly.</p><br>
<p>The Borgio Verezzi Caves , also named Valdemino, are a karst cave system located in the municipality of Borgio Verezzi, in the province of Savona, Liguria. They are a show cave.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Located in the outskirts of Borgio, the main town and seat of the municipality, the cavese were discovered in 1933. The touristic route, opened in 1970, is 800m long and counts some little lakes, due to the presence of a little river named Rio Battorezza.</p><br>
<p>The Valdemino are touristically defined as "the most colorful show caves of Italy", due to the presence of various minerals. Main colors are white, yellow, red and related shades.</p><br>
<p>Some prehistoric bone remains, dated between 500,000 and 750,000 years ago, have been found in various hollows.</p><br>
<p>The Perry Wiles Grocery Company is a historic commercial building in downtown Zanesville, Ohio, United States. Unlike many similar contemporary buildings in the city, it has survived to the present day relatively unchanged, and it has consequently been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<p>When he erected the present building in 1892, Perry Wiles was the owner of one of five grocery wholesalers active in the city of Zanesville, and he and his competitors supplied more than one hundred different individual retail-level grocery stores in the city. Finding the construction of a new building necessary in the early 1890s, Wiles arranged for the services of leading local architect Henry C. Lindsay. The resulting design is a four-story building, built of brick on a stone foundation and finished with details of stone and brick. Although it features some modern elements, such as a cast-iron storefront, the building remains an obvious example of the Romanesque Revival style of architecture. Located adjacent to the original building&#39;s southern side is a smaller addition, which was constructed in 1914.</p><br>
<p>By 1980, the Wiles Company had closed, along with all four of its competitors: these firms lost their business when their retailing customers closed, driven out of business by the advent of large supermarket chains. Since that time, the Wiles Company property has been converted into an eating establishment, Zaks Restaurant. In late 1980, the Wiles Company building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant architecture. While the headquarters of the five grocery wholesalers may not have been significantly different in their heyday, the passage of time has greatly changed their appearance: the other buildings have all been destroyed or heavily modified, leaving the Wiles Block as Zanesvilles only grocery wholesaler building that retains the appearance of a century before.</p><br>
<p>The Pinal County Courthouse, built in 1891, is an historic three-story redbrick courthouse located at Pinal and 12th streets in Florence, Pinal County, Arizona, United States. Designed by prominent Arizona architect James M. Creighton in the Late Victorian Revival style of architecture, it is Pinal County&#39;s second courthouse. It is topped by an ornate clock tower, but due to a lack of funds, the clockworks was never installed. Instead a clock was painted on it with the hands set at 11:44. Replaced in 1961 by another courthouse, it fell into disrepair and it was closed in 2005. In 2007 it was declared to be one of the most endangered historic buildings in Arizona. In January 2011, the county supervisors approved a plan to renovate the building and restore it to its former glory so that it can be used by the supervisors and other county entities. On August 2, 1978, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Balbirnie House is an early 19th-century country house in Glenrothes, in central Fife, Scotland. The present house was completed in 1817 as a rebuild of an 18th-century building, itself a replacement for a 17th-century dwelling. The home of the Balfour family from 1640, the house was sold in 1969 and opened as a hotel in 1990. The grounds now comprise a large public park and a golf course. The house is protected as a category A listed building, while the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around 1640, the Balbirnie estate was acquired by the family of Balfour. A 17th-century house on the estate was remodelled or replaced in the later 18th century for John Balfour. The architecture of these works, completed around 1782, has been attributed to both James Nisbet and to John Baxter Jr. In 1815 further changes were begun by General Robert Balfour, to designs by the architect Richard Crichton. Some £16,000 was spent on extending the south-west front and constructing the portico at the south-east. At the same time, landscape gardener Thomas White provided plans for the improvement of the 18th-century parkland. Meanwhile, General Balfour&#39;s two brothers were developing new houses at Whittingehame in East Lothian and Newton Don in the Borders, funded by the same large inheritance. Further alterations, comprising offices, were carried out in 1860, possibly designed by David Bryce. The plant collection was expanded from the mid-19th century with seeds sent from India by George Balfour, a friend of plant collector William Hooker.</p><br>
<p>In 1969 the house and estate was acquired by the Glenrothes Development Corporation, who were then building the new town of Glenrothes. A golf course was laid out in the grounds, while the house was converted into council offices. The house was sold on to a private owner who redeveloped it as a 30-bedroom hotel, opened in 1990 by Malcolm Rifkind who was then Secretary of State for Scotland. 416 acre of parkland and woodland remain in the ownership of Fife Council as a public park.</p><br>
<p>Seven Springs, situated on the Mehixen Swamp near the Pamunkey River in upper King William County, Virginia, is an historic home. Set in rolling farm country near the town of Manquin, the property lies within a community rich in colonial, revolutionary, and civil war history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early History</h3><br>
<p>The plantation was owned and likely built for Captain George Dabney I where he served as the first commission of the peace and later sheriff in 1715. The initial acreage was one of several land grants the family received from King William III in 1701.</p><br>
<p>The manor house is believed to have been built circa 1725–1740, and remained in the Dabney family until 1802, when ownership transferred to Captain Yancey Lipscomb. In 1822, it was sold to Thomas Broaddus Puller, where it stayed within the Puller and Atkinson families until 1940.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>After many years of neglect, the home was purchased by H.D. Moffett in 1967, who began its restoration.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Harry H. Coon and his wife Alma of Glenview, Illinois, meticulously completed the restoration with guidance from the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Today, a compound of offices, barns and carriage houses join the original manor house and caretakers house to re-create the tight, campus-style layout typical of colonial farms.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and significance</h2><br>
<p>The small, three-bay manor house is an unusual example of eighteenth-century architecture, distinguished by its lack of symmetry. Its square footprint is divided into four unequal-sized rooms on the main floor, and five fireplaces on three floors feed a central T-shaped chimney.</p><br>
<p>While the interior was renovated in the early nineteenth century, many original features still exist. These include the triple-run walnut staircase, pine floors, chair rails, and doors, which feature both HL and foliated H hinges. The brick exterior, which was constructed in both Flemish and English bond, remains largely untouched. The half-hipped roof was originally built without the current dormers, which were added on subsequent renovations. The original cedar shingles have been replaced with slate.</p><br>
<p>The home is listed on the National and Virginia State Historic Registers.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Purchased by the Hunnicutt family, of Richmond, VA, in February 2015, the estate is now available for rental as an event venue and farm. The farm is home to one of the largest flocks of Hog Island sheep in America. The Hog Island sheep is not commonly used in modern agriculture, largely because of its endangered status and because more modern breeds have been bred for other characteristics, including maximum size and fleece yield. It is nevertheless considered important to preserve because of the insight it may give into American history and the traits it has that modern sheep might lack such as its toughness, foraging skill, efficient use of food, and easy lambing.</p><br>
<p>Historic Kirtland Village, located in Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, is the name given to a historic site . The village is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . The church purchased the first property in the village, the Newel K. Whitney Store, in the late 1970s, and restored it in 1984. In the years since the church acquired more historic buildings and property in the area. In April 2000, plans were announced to restore the remaining buildings, while reconstructing others, and building a new visitors&#39; center. Following the completion of the project, LDS Church President, Gordon B. Hinckley, dedicated the site on May 18, 2003.</p><br>
<h2>List of buildings</h2><br>
<p>Newel K. Whitney Store (restored)</p><br>
<p>Newel K. Whitney Home (restored)</p><br>
<p>John Johnson Inn (rebuilt)</p><br>
<p>Schoolhouse (rebuilt)</p><br>
<p>Sawmill (rebuilt)</p><br>
<p>Ashery (rebuilt)</p><br>
<p>The Buayanyup River is a river in the South West region of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river rise in the Whicher Range and flows north crossing the Bussell Highway near Vasse before discharging into Geographe Bay near Abbey about 8 km west of Busselton. The river has three main tributaries of Dawson Gulley, Ironstone Gully and the other is not named. In total the river has a stream length of over 100 km.</p><br>
<p>Flowing through agricultural land that is predominantly used for raising beef and dairy cattle and to a lesser degree plantation timber and viticulture, the area has been settled since 1834 when the Bussell family established a cattle station along the Vasse River. More farming families followed and now over 50% of the catchment is used for cattle farming.</p><br>
<p>The name of the river was first recorded by a surveyor in 1839 and is Aboriginal in origin but its meaning is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The Galrigs Loch was a substantial freshwater loch situated in low lying area between Newfield and Dundonald in South Ayrshire, Scotland. It was drained in the early 18th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The loch was a natural feature, a post-glacial Kettle Hole once of a substantial extent, fed mainly by the Broomhill Burn, rainfall, and field drainage. It is recorded in the placenames of Lochend, Lochside, and Mosside. The Broomhill Burn has been diverted away from the site which however remains dominated by rushes (Juncus species) and constitutes poor quality grazing. The loch site still floods in winter. No open outflow is now present and the site shows evidence of drainage in the form of rig and furrow.</p><br>
<p>The lands, variously known as Gariggis, Galriggis and even Garrix, were held by a William Wallace in 1578, later by the Craufurds, and in the 1860s by the well known Finnie family from Kilmarnock who were heavily involved in the coal industry.</p><br>
<h3>Usage</h3><br>
<p>No watermills seem to have been associated with Galrigs Loch and the Ordnance Survey maps of the mid 19th century only show the farm of Lochend or Lochside sitting above the old lochs site, approached by a lane, hedged on both sides, leading down from Newfield Mains. It may have been used for curling, however Newfield House had its own curling pond, opened on 4 February 1856, the site of Eglinton Jug playdowns. The Finnie Kettle&#39; annual curling competition also took place at Newfield with a ".tea kettle modelled as a curling stone." as the challenge cup. This competition still takes place at an indoor rink.</p><br>
<p>At the foot of the brae below where the now demolished Newfield House was situated, are remains of a stone dam and sluice.</p><br>
<h3>Cartographic evidence</h3><br>
<p>Blaeus map of 1654, dating from Timothy Ponts survey of circa 1604, shows the loch as a significant body of water, extending towards Gar Rigs (sic), with no inflow and one outflow running down to the Dundonald Burn and eventually into the River Irvine near Shewalton. The farm on the lochs edge is recorded as Mosside. This is the last map to show the loch and this indicates that its drainage took place in the early 18th century. Roys map of 1747 shows no clear loch, however a habitation recorded as Lochend is present. The OS maps record the farms name as Lochside&#39;.</p><br>
<h3>Drainage</h3><br>
<p>Although the loch&#39;s drainage may have begun in the 18th century when Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton, was pursuing a number of agricultural improvements on his extensive estates and other landowners followed his example. Intensive drainage work may also have taken place in the 1740s as part of the improvements undertaken to provide employment for Irish estate workers during the Irish potato famines of the 1740s and the mid 19th centuries. Many drainage schemes also date to the end of World War I when many soldiers returned en masse to civilian life.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>The Lands and mansion house of Galrigs were renamed Newfield circa 1723 by Captain Lawrence Nugent who had fought at the Battle of Neufeldt (Newfield) in Germany, however Galrigside Farm retained its ancient name. No link between the draining of the Galrig Loch and the New Field therefore seems to exist. Lochside Farm is now only marked by its foundations although OS maps show it as still standing into the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Shuqba cave is an archaeological site near the town of Shuqba in the western Judaean Mountains in the West Bank.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Shuqba cave is located on the northern bank of Wadi en-Natuf. This wadi is a kilometer south of the town of Shuqba, and runs west towards the Mediterranean coastal plain. The town is 28 km northwest of Jerusalem. This area is within the Judaean Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>History of exploration</h2><br>
<p>The site was briefly investigated in 1924 by Father Alexis Mallon, who suggested that the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem take responsibility for excavating the cave. During the course of one season Dorothy Garrod, with a team of local workers, placed a trench in the central chamber, as well as a small sounding in Chamber III. She identified an archaeological sequence which included a Late "Levallois-Mousterian" layer. It also included a Mesolithic layer that she subsequently named "Natufian". This was the first time that a Natufian layer had been found as part of a stratified deposit. This layer contained charcoal traces and a previously unknown microlithic stone tool industry characterized by crescent-shaped lunates. Garrod&#39;s team found worked bone objects. The fauna was dominated by gazelle, and also included the domestic dog. The remains of 45 human skeletons, mostly fragmentary, allowed insights into a range of distinctive mortuary practices.</p><br>
<h2>Related sites</h2><br>
<p>Shuqba cave falls within the broader prehistoric landscape of the Wadi en-Natuf. While most of the lithic material in the immediate (1-km) survey along area along the wadi&#39;s north bank is concentrated around the cave, debitage has been found at a small natural terrace 200 m south of the cave. Surface collection suggests that this material derives from the cave and from the 1928 spoil, the bulk of which has been washed down the slope. A terrace is visible today, but it was constructed as part of modern agricultural practices.</p><br>
<h2>Recent developments</h2><br>
<p>The area has been added to the 2013 UNESCO "tentative list" for possible designation as a World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The Wadi en-Natuf and Shuqba Cave are currently under threat due to Israeli road building, The Israeli authorities have built a huge bypass road through the Wadi en-Natuf to connect Israeli settlements. A wall was also built to separate the cave from the nearby Palestinian village of Shuqba.</p><br>
<p>The Perkiomen Bridge, originally built 1798-99 and widened in 1928, is one of the oldest stone arch bridges in the United States still in use. It crosses Perkiomen Creek near Collegeville, Pennsylvania. The bridge&#39;s six semi-circular arches cover a total of over 300 ft. The longest arch spans 76 ft. Its decorative piers and belts courses are unusual for a bridge this old. A lottery financed $20,000 of the original construction. The bridge carried the main road from Philadelphia to Reading, known at various times as the Manatawny Pike, Germantown Pike, the Philadelphia-Reading Pike, and US 422. Since the construction of the US 422 bypass, the road has been known as Ridge Pike or Old US 422.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The creek is about 150 ft wide and runs north and south near Collegeville. The road, however, runs northwest to southeast and the bridge crosses perpendicular to the creek causing a sharp turn in the road on the east side of the bridge, and a more gradual bend on the west side. As designed by John Lewis the bridge was 27 ft wide and 453 ft long including the approaches. Five arches cross the creek with the center arch 76 ft long, and the arches next to it 61 ft long. The outside arches are 30 ft long. Supporting the eastern approach is a sixth arch, 56 ft long, which is about 100 ft east of the creek.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is constructed of cut stones, but they are only laid in regular courses on the spandrels and on the top of the parapet.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was widened in 1928 by removing all the stone facing on the north side of the bridge, extending the arches 15 ft north with concrete rather than stone, and resetting the facing. This expansion added a third lane of traffic and a sidewalk on the north side. Rounded columns supporting pedestrian viewing bays were added on the north side of the piers. Shorter angular columns were added on the south side of the bridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area on the "Pahkehoma" Creek was purchased by William Penn from the Lenni Lenape tribe in 1684 and eventually sold to Thomas Ruyard of London. In 1699 Edward Lane bought the land from Ruyard, and the purchase was confirmed by Penn in 1701. About 1706 the first section of the Perkiomen Bridge Hotel was built on the west bank of the creek, just to the north of the current bridge site, then known as Phillips Ford. In 1728 the Lenni Lenape released their claim on land in the area for "two guns, six coats, six blankets, six duffel match coats, and four kettles," in effect selling the land again.</p><br>
<p>A second hotel was built in the area by 1770, to accommodate the traffic between Philadelphia and Reading.</p><br>
<p>Several wooden bridges, including a pontoon bridge, were built across the ford before 1797, but they were all destroyed within a few years by springtime flooding.</p><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Legislature approved a lottery in 1797 to raise funds for the bridge, eventually raising $20,000. The bridge was completed in 1799 at a cost of $60,000, opening on November 2.</p><br>
<p>The original dedication plaque on the bridge reads:</p><br>
<p>ThisBridge was founded in the Year</p><br>
<p>of our Lord 1798 & finished in 1799 Fredk Conrad Saml Maulsby Conrad Boyer James Bean & Henry Sheetz County Comm. John Pugh Samuel Beard John Burk Henry Priest Undertakers of Masonry George Boyer Carpenter John Lewis Architect and Superintendent</p><br>
<p>The bridge was not completely paid for, so tolls were collected for five years after its construction.</p><br>
<p>Increased road traffic followed the completion of the bridge, and with the start of regular stage coach service between Philadelphia and Reading, the hotel next to the bridge became an overnight stop marking the halfway point of the trip. Turnpikes were created from Germantown to the east end of the bridge in 1804, and from the western end of the bridge to Reading about 1816, but the trip across the bridge remained toll-free until 1867. In that year a toll booth was constructed on the western end of the bridge, and outraged residents burned it down before any tolls could be collected. In 1872 a toll booth was erected on the eastern end. This time residents obtained a court order prohibiting the collection of tolls within a mile of the bridge, then they burned down the toll booth.</p><br>
<p>Trolley tracks were laid on the south side of the bridge in 1896, eventually connecting Norristown to the south with Trappe on the north. A historical society sued to keep the tracks off the bridge, but the trolley company built the tracks without permission, presenting the court with a fait accompli. The trolleys ran until 1933.</p><br>
<p>To avoid the necessity of curved approaches, the American Automobile Association lobbied for the removal of the old bridge in 1938, to be replaced by a steel and concrete bridge. No major changes to the bridge occurred however and in the 1980s the new routing of US 422 removed much of the heavy traffic from the bridge.</p><br>
<p>A Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission marker was erected by the bridge in 1947 and the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The Perkiomen Bridge Hotel adjacent to the bridge was listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Collegeville Bridge Morning II.jpgMorning mist</p><br>
<p>Perkiomen PA Bridge 1799.jpgBridge in 2011</p><br>
<p>Merdø is an island in Arendal municipality in Aust-Agder county, Norway. The 0.3 km&sup2; island lies along the Skaggerak coast, near the entrance to the Galtesundet, the main shipping channel leading to the town of Arendal on the mainland. The islands of Tromøy and Hisøya lie to the north and northwest. The small islands of Ærøya and Havsøya lie to the southwest. A part of the island is included in Raet National Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Graves from the Iron Age exist in two places on the island: Lakseberget and Støttavla. Historical records show a permanent settlement on Merdø dating back to at least the 1300s, and that the settlement occurred in close association with the ever increasing shipping traffic on the Skagerrak. Merdø is marked as an outport on every old Dutch maritime map since 1580, and it was one of the most important ports along the Skagerrak. Merdø harbor is located on the northern shore of the island of Merdø, facing the village of Revesand on the island of Tromøy, about 1 km to the north. The inn, customs station, and shipyard on Merdø are mentioned in writings from the 16th century. Later, a school and shops were established on the island.</p><br>
<p>There is a well-preserved old house which is now the Merdøgaard museum, which belongs to the Aust-Agder museum in Arendal. There are two compass designs cut into the mountains with the date 1654. There are also two cannons that were placed on the island in the 1700s for the defense of the town of Arendal that still can be seen.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, fishermen and their families lived on the island along the sea. In 1900, there were 26 inhabited houses with a total of 144 residents. At the beginning of the 20th century, the sailing season ended and there was no longer the same need for the ports. The customs station was closed in 1960, the unloading station was closed in 1971, and the post office was closed in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>In the 20th century, Merdø became more and more a holiday and tourist destination. The island gradually depopulated completely, but the houses are still used as summer homes for vacationing families. Merdø also has a large number of cabins that were built during the 20th century. Merdø has several nice swimming areas with good sandy beaches, and it is a popular destination for people in the Arendal area. There are ferries to and from Merdø every half hour during the summer season, and one of the companies also has a full-year route.</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Arendal Merdøgaard.JPGMerdøgaard museum</p><br>
<p>Merdo.JPGView of the village area on Merdø</p><br>
<p>Merdø og skipet Gøtheborg.JPGOld sailing ship moored by Merdø</p><br>
<p>Merdø strand.jpgMerdø beach</p><br>
<p>Merdø.jpgMerdø seen from a nearby island</p><br>
<p>The Ringgold Gap Battlefield, in Catoosa County, Georgia, preserves the scene of the Battle of Ringgold Gap in the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>At Ringgold Gap, a pass nestled between White Oak Mountain and Taylor Ridge, Major General Patrick Cleburne, leader of the Confederate Army of Tennessee, successfully halted Union Army advances through Georgia. The outcome of this November 1863 battle prolonged the Civil War and significantly delayed Federal troops from reaching the Confederate stronghold of Atlanta. The engagement between Major Generals Hooker and Cleburne led to Cleburnes fame as the Confederacys “Stonewall of the West.” Major General Cleburne protected the pass with strategic troop placement and concealment. The Army of Tennessee did not open fire until Union troops were within 100 yards, resulting in the loss of 500 Union troops; many of both sides were wounded.</p><br>
<p>Ringgold Gap Battlefield listing also includes a monument erected in 1898 by the state of New York to recognize the New York Brigade&#39;s (Union) participation in the battle, and the Ringgold Gap Wayside Park. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) begun the Ringgold Gap Wayside Park project in 1939 and the National Park Service completed the wayside signs and park area. The bronze plaques commemorate the historic event at this site and its role in two important campaigns of the Civil War, the Chickamauga-Chattanooga Campaign and the Atlanta Campaign.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on March 12, 2011.</p><br>
<p>A small pocket park in Ringgold Gap commemorates the battle. A monument to soldiers from New York who sustained heavy casualties stands near Tiger Creek at the Ringgold Water Treatment Plant. A new monument in honor of Major General Patrick Cleburne and his men is located in the small pocket park. The nearby Western and Atlantic Depot still shows scars from the damage it received from artillery fire during the battle. The Ringgold Gap Battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Black-Elliott Block is a historic commercial building in downtown Zanesville, Ohio, United States. Located along Main Street near the Muskingum County Courthouse, it was built in 1876 in the Italianate style of architecture. The partnership of Henry Elliott and Peter Black arranged for the construction of the building; it was one of several significant downtown buildings for which the pair was responsible, along with such important structures as the Clarendon Hotel. At the completion of the building, each man operated his own business inside: of the 31 ft of building front, Blacks store used 16 ft and Elliotts 15 ft. The building was built of brick on a foundation of sandstone; it also features elements of iron.</p><br>
<p>Both Black and Elliott were prominent Zanesville businessmen: the Baltimore native Elliott founded the citys Elliott Paper Company in 1885 and continued to operate it until his 1899 death, while Black led the First National Bank. From its earliest years, the building was known as the "Black Elliott" block, even in published writings shortly after Blacks 1878 death. After the two men&#39;s deaths, the most prominent tenant was the S.S. Kresge Company, which operated on the property from 1916 until 1977.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, the Black-Elliott Block was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Key to this designation was its exterior: no other late nineteenth-century Italianate building survives in downtown Zanesville with so few changes.</p><br>
<p>The Albera Massif   is a mountain range located in the south of Pyrénées-Orientales and the north of Catalonia, between France and Spain. It is the main easternmost prolongation of the Pyrenees. Its highest peak is the Puig Neulós, with an elevation of 1,256 metres.</p><br>
<p>Most of the southern side of the range is part of the Paratge Natural dInterès Nacional de lAlbera natural reserve. There are some ancient megaliths in the range. The Col du Perthus marks the western boundary of the massif.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Albera Range became the border between France and Spain following the Treaty of the Pyrenees, when Philip IV of Spain ceded a part of the Spanish kingdom to Louis XIV of France, dividing Northern Catalonia from Historical Catalonia.</p><br>
<p>Massís de l&#39;Albera (Alt Empordà) - 4.jpgAlbera Massif</p><br>
<p>Massís de l&#39;Albera (Alt Empordà) - 2.jpgAlbera Massif</p><br>
<p>Massís de l&#39;Albera (Alt Empordà) - 3.jpgAlbera Massif</p><br>
<p>Massís de l&#39;Albera (Alt Empordà) - 1.jpgAlbera Massif</p><br>
<p>The Mountains of Sis   is a 28 km long mountain range of the Pre-Pyrenees. They are located between the valleys of rivers Isábena and the Escales Reservoir, Noguera Ribagorzana, in the Ribagorza comarca, Aragon, Spain. The ridges highest summits are Pico de l´Amorriador  and Puialto . Other important summits are 1765 m high La Creu de Bonansa, 1490 m high Altaió dAulet and 1066 m high Tossal de Cornudella.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This mountain chain rises abruptly from a plain and looks quite impressive from certain angles, therefore in ancient geographic works this range was also referred to as "the Great Mountains of Sis" (la gran sierra de Sis) owing to the massive appearance of its mountains, abruptly rising as mighty foothills of the Pyrenees.</p><br>
<p>The summits of this mountain chain offer an excellent lookout point to have a view of some of the main peaks of the Pyrenees from the south, as well as of the magnificent El Turbón in the west. Some of the steep rocky cliffs of the range are popular with rock climbers.</p><br>
<p>The 9th - 11th century Santa María de Obarra monastery is located at the foot of the western end of the Sierra de Sis range. There are also abandoned villages and church buildings, as well as many ancient cattle farmers&#39; buildings known as borda in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Heath Wood barrow cemetery is a Viking burial site near Ingleby, Derbyshire.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Heath Wood contains a series of 59 barrows which is a Viking burial site near Ingleby, Derbyshire. The barrows are unusual because they are the only known Scandinavian cremation site in the British Isles. It is believed to be a war cemetery of the Viking Great Army which arrived in England between 873-8 A.D. Early excavations by Thomas Bateman in May 1855 found that some of the mounds were empty cenotaph mounds where presumably the body was not available.</p><br>
<p>Excavations between 1998 and 2000 produced a number of finds which are available in Derby Museum. It is believed that these remains are from the same period as burials discovered in nearby Repton. However, the Repton burials are not cremations. This wood is currently leased by the Forestry Agency from the Church Commissioners and it is designated "Derbyshire 101" as a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>The path that goes through the wood links Foremarke Hall with Knowle Hill which are two properties previously owned by the Burdett family together with the land belong to Heath Wood. Presumably, the path was useful when the family moved to Knowle Hill whilst building work was in progress in order to visit St Saviour&#39;s church which the family built in 1662. In the eighteenth century Heath Wood was actually a field and the growth of woodland has only happened since then. Without the woods being there then this burial place would have had a fine view of the Trent valley. The path that goes through the woods neatly misses any of the ancient barrows and it is believed that no barrows were removed to ease its path.</p><br>
<p>Pemberton&#39;s Parlour is a structure on the northern part of the Chester city walls, and it was formerly known as the Goblin Tower. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The structure originated as a circular tower straddling the city walls. During the reign of Queen Anne it was rebuilt as a semicircular tower. It was reconstructed in 1894. It is now described as a gazebo, and is said to be named after John Pemburton, the mayor of Chester, who stood on it to supervise the work taking place on his nearby ropewalk.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The structure is built in red sandstone. On the south side, facing the walkway of the walls, is an arch leading to a semicircular chamber. Above this are three panels, the lateral ones containing the royal arms, and the arms of Chester in relief. Between these is another panel in yellow sandstone with an inscription relating to the repair of the walls in the 18th century. The parapet is crenellated and inscribed with "GOBLIN TOWER: REBUILT 1894".</p><br>
<p>Fritz Cove is a bay on the northwestern coast of Douglas Island in the City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska, United States. Lying in Stephens Passage, it is 8 mi northwest of the city of Juneau.</p><br>
<p>Historically, Fritz Cove was used for fishing by Alaska Natives, especially the Auke people. A summer camp named Aangoox̱a Yé was located at the mouth of Fish Creek. Scottish-American naturalist John Muir camped at the bay on November 10, 1879.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was surveyed by the USS Jamestown in 1880; Lieutenant F. M. Symonds named the bay after his son. The name was first published by the USA Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1881, collected by the United States Geological Survey between 1976 and 1981, and entered into the Geographic Names Information System on March 31, 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Fritz Cove and Gastineau Channel became linked in 1960 through a United States Army Corps of Engineers effort to dredge a navigation route.</p><br>
<p>Streams flowing into Fritz Cove include Cove Creek, Elevenmile Creek, and Fish Creek. Islands in the bay include Spuhn Island. Depths in the bay range from 8 to 30 fathom.</p><br>
<p>Dungeness crabs, Tanner crabs, and king salmon live in the cove; molting of the male Tanner crabs in the cove has been documented since the 1970s. Scoters, grebes, mergansers, and marbled murrelets can also be seen in the area.</p><br>
<p>Ponter&#39;s Ball Dyke is a linear earthwork located near Glastonbury in Somerset, England. It crosses, at right angles, an ancient road that continues on to the Isle of Avalon. It consists of an embankment with a ditch on the east side. It is built across the ridge of land between Glastonbury and West Pennard.</p><br>
<p>The current visible remains extend to just over 1 kilometer. It is bisected by the A361 and crossed by three public footpaths. The gap where the road runs through the dyke is staggered, suggesting that the gap is original.</p><br>
<p>It was excavated in 1909 by Arthur Bulleid, and again in 1970 by Peter Poyntz Wright and the Glastonbury Antiquarian Society. Bulleid&#39;s excavation just north of the road revealed that the bank was 9 feet high and made of layers of yellow and grey clay, while the ditch was 12 feet deep in hard blue marl. Neither excavation found significant objects with the exception of fragmentary pottery of prehistoric and medieval origin.</p><br>
<p>Interpretation of the site is not clear. It is possible that it was part of a longer defensive barrier associated with New Ditch three miles to the south-west which is built in a similar manner. It has been suggested that it is part of a great Celtic sanctuary, probably 3rd century B.C., while others date it to the post-Roman period and connect it with the Dark Age</p><br>
<p>occupation on Glastonbury Tor. The 1970 excavation suggests the 12th century or later.</p><br>
<p>It is also claimed that Ponter’s Ball delineates the long single horn on the head of the Capricorn effigy in the Temple of the Stars, an alleged ancient temple thought to be situated around Glastonbury.</p><br>
<p>The name Ponters Ball is said to be derived from "pontis vallum", Latin meaning "the bridge over the ditch." In the early 19th century it was called Pontings Ball and by 1876 Fronter&#39;s Ball. An alternative of Portarius after a family who owned land at Havyatt.</p><br>
